Eternal Law and Human Law

Unceasing Law and Human Law As people live in this world, laws and guidelines are carefully upheld for the equity, security, and privileges of the people. Regardless of whether those laws are endless or transient, all laws require norms. Holy person Augustine’s On the Free Choice of the Will examines these guidelines and characterizes what every laws mean. In particular, Augustine contends that everlasting law is essential for worldly law to exist and for the country to work appropriately. I concur with Augustine’s contention on the need of both everlasting law and human law and the conviction of how fleeting law depends on interminable law.According to Augustine, endless law is a law that is simply, perpetual, and follows the best possible requesting and thinking. This endless law is additionally what the requesting of everything depends on. He likewise accepts that when one seeks after their life dependent on endless things, for example, truth, information, and love, at that point they are carrying on with an actual existence under unceasing law. Be that as it may, on the off chance that one chooses to carry on with an existence of want for fleeting things, for example, cash, assets, and physical appearances, at that point they are living under a worldly law where their bliss won't last long.This law, which is tradable with human law, makes a country all around requested, where the individuals are permitted to assign authorities with their own decisions and acquire numerous different rights. Everlasting and human laws proposed by Augustine are fundamental to society; however both basic, Augustine separates the two. Augustine clarifies that interminable law puts together its guidelines with respect to God and He is the leader of this law; this law is the law by which God manages all creation. It can likewise be portrayed as the â€Å"divine reason or the desire of God, a will which charges the characteristic order† (Fitzgerald and Cavadini , 583).On the other hand, transient law is liable to change in such occasions as the appointment of another president, or establishment of new laws. While unceasing law both controls human undertakings and administers interminable things, human law is exclusively constrained to the guideline of human issues. Unceasing law is permanent and irreversible; there are no authorities or a president to interminable law since God is the norm, and accordingly it is perpetual. Unceasing law is generally relevant where human law varies in the middle of countries and nations, even tates. Despite the fact that there are numerous contrasts between unceasing law and human law, Augustine expounds that interminable law is both fundamental and urgent for human law to exist. He accepts that what is viewed as just in human law is gotten from interminable law. At the end of the day, â€Å"eternal law is the proportion of the worldly law’s justice† (Dilman, 77). What is viewed as fleeting mi ght be reexamined as per the changing conditions of men and their social courses of action, yet at the same time stay just by the proportion of unceasing law.Human law exists on the grounds that interminable law is available to us right now at this time. Augustine presumes that unceasing law is simply; hence everything is requested in the furthest extent under this law. I concur with Augustine in that unceasing law includes human law. Perusing Augustine’s On Free Choice of the Will, I was persuaded that endless law is perpetual on the grounds that it is autonomous of the changing conditions of men, yet fleeting laws are continually changing as years pass by in light of the fact that we face new generations.Therefore, there must be where transient law can base on. Also, that limit is everlasting law. For lucidity, a case of human law and unceasing law can be analyzed. A notable law that everybody ought to follow is that of the lawful drinking age. In the United States, the leg itimate drinking age is 21, nonetheless, in different nations, for example, Mexico, the lawful drinking age is 18. Human law is distinctive between numerous nations and it is worldly on the grounds that individuals in United States are raising their voices to bring down the drinking age to 18.Therefore, the lawful drinking age law is liable to change as residents are continually raising this subject. Be that as it may, in endless law there is no drinking age yet it is advising the reasonable person to not to get dependent on drinking and to discover more beneficial wants other than the utilization of liquor. Under interminable law, drinking isn't what life is about; there are such a significant number of other critical assignments and encounters that people need to satisfy during their life times in this world.Eternal law says to adore endless things, not what is a transient bliss. With this model, I am contending that human law depends on unceasing law since human law builds up the legitimate drinking age so youthful ages can discover what their actual shrewdness is before being acquainted with common delights and end up lost without having understood the genuine motivation behind their reality. To keep worldly law is to cherish the animal and the creation more than the Creator.The want for fake and materialistic things will prompt discontent, both for the individual and the general public overall. In any case, on the off chance that all men adored just interminable things, at that point there would be no requirement for worldly law, which oversees our every day lives. Thusly, worldly law is important to limit the activities of those men who love fleeting things. Transient law isn't intended to rebuff men who do adore fleeting things, however is somewhat for the criminal activities that men perpetrate due to their over the top wants for these things.This all returns to the possibility that God made the universe and He is the man of unceasing law, and we have to cherish him more than some other things in this world. Incredible advantages and gifts will be remunerated to those men that truly look for shrewdness, love, certified temperances, and truth than to those men that live unjustly yearning just for riches, desire, physical excellence and numerous natural things. All in all, it is both essential that laws administer society and significant that laws request human decisions and relational relations.But it is progressively important that unceasing law oversees these laws of society since it is consistently present, extreme norm and endures no special cases. Accordingly endless law is fundamental for human laws to exist and control the ruined society to improve things. Works Cited Dilman, Ilham. â€Å"Free Will: A Historical and Philosophical Introduction. † Google Books. Routledge, n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. Fitzgerald, Allan D. , and John C. Cavadini. â€Å"Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia. † Google Books. Wm. B . Eerdmans Publishing Co. , n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013.

Crysts, Blasts and Clasts - Large Particles in Rocks

Crysts, Blasts and Clasts - Large Particles in Rocks Crysts, impacts and clasts are three straightforward words identified with an exceptionally fundamental idea in geography: huge particles in rocks. As a matter of fact, theyre bits of words-additions that merit thinking about. They can be a touch of confounding, yet a decent geologistâ can reveal to you the distinction between all three.â Crysts The - cryst addition alludes to grains of a crystalline mineral. A - cryst can be a full fledged precious stone like your commonplace garnet, or it very well may be a sporadic grain that, despite the fact that its particles are all in unbending request, has none of the level faces that mark a gem. The most significant - crysts are the ones that are a lot bigger than their neighbors; the general name for these is megacryst. As a functional issue, - cryst is utilized distinctly with molten rocks, albeit a precious stone in changeable rocks might be known as a metacryst. The most widely recognized - cryst youll find in the writing is the phenocryst. Phenocrysts sit in a groundmass of littler grains like raisins in cereal. Phenocrysts are the characterizing highlight of porphyritic surface; another approach to state it is that phenocrysts are what characterize a porphyry. Phenocrysts for the most part comprise of one of similar minerals found in the groundmass. (In the event that they were brought into the stone from somewhere else, they might be called xenocrysts.) If theyre perfect and strong inside, we may decipher them as being more established, having solidified sooner than the remainder of the molten stone. In any case, some phenocrysts framed by developing around and inundating different minerals (making a surface called poikilitic), so all things considered they werent the absolute first mineral to take shape. Phenocrysts that have full fledged gem faces are called euhedral (old papers may utilize the terms idiomorphic or automorphic). Phenocrysts with no gem faces are called anhedral (or xenomorphic), and in the middle of phenocrysts are called subhedral (or hypidiomorphic or ​hypautomorphic). Impacts The - impact postfix alludes to grains of transformative minerals; all the more unequivocally, - blastic implies a stone surface that mirrors the recrystallizing procedures of changeability. That is the reason we dont have a word megablast-both molten and transformative rocks are said to have megacrysts. The different - impacts are depicted uniquely in changeable rocks. Changeability produces mineral grains by pulverizing (clastic misshapening) and crushing (plastic twisting) just as recrystallization (blastic distortion), so its essential to make the differentiation. A changeable stone made of - impacts of uniform size is called homeoblastic, however on the off chance that megacrysts are additionally present it is called heteroblastic. The bigger ones are normally called porphyroblasts (despite the fact that porphyry is carefully a molten stone). So porphyroblasts are what might be compared to phenocrysts. Porphyroblasts might be loosened up and eradicated as changeability proceeds. Some enormous mineral grains may oppose for some time. These are normally called augen (the German for eyes), and augen gneiss is a very much perceived stone sort. Like - crysts, - impacts can show precious stone faces in various degrees, however they are portrayed with the words idioblastic, hypidioblastic and xenoblastic rather than euhedral or subhedral or anhedral. Grains acquired from a prior age of changeability are called paleoblasts; normally, neoblasts are their more youthful partner. Clasts The postfix - clast alludes to grains of silt, that is, bits of prior rocks or minerals. Not at all like - crysts and - impacts, the word clast can remain solitary. Clastic rocks, at that point, are consistently sedimentary (one special case: a clast that isn't yet cleared out in a changeable stone is known as a porphyroclast, which, confusingly, is additionally delegated a megacryst). Theres a profound qualification drawn among clastic shakes between holoclastic rocks, similar to shale and sandstone, and pyroclastic rocks that structure around volcanoes. Clastic rocks are made of particles running in size from tiny to inconclusively huge. The stones with obvious clasts are called macroclastic. Extra-huge clasts are called phenoclasts-so phenoclasts, phenocrysts and porphyroblasts are cousins. Two sedimentary rocks have phenoclasts: combination and breccia. The thing that matters is that the phenoclasts in combination (spheroclasts) are made by scraped spot while those in breccia (anguclasts) are made by crack. There is no maximum breaking point to what can be known as a ​clast, or megaclast. Breccias have the biggest megaclasts, up to several meters across and bigger. Megaclasts as large as mountains can be made by enormous avalanches (olistrostromes), push blaming (chaoses), subduction (mã ©langes) and supervolcano caldera development (caldera breakdown breccias). Megaclasts are the place sedimentology meets tectonics.

Office Communication Top Ten List Entry #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Office Communication Top Ten List Entry #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We do our best to keep up with the volume of inquires and applications our office receives but the reality is that size of our staff and the number of inquiries/applications makes it hard to keep up. In an effort to make sure we are able to assist you as quickly as possible, I want to take the opportunity to provide some information on how you can most effectively communicate with our office and obtain information. Lists are pretty popular for communicating such information and this entry marks the beginning of a Top 10 list for you to consider when communicating with our office, searching for information, and applying.   I will post 10 entries over the next couple of weeks and then compile them into a single entry for future reference. In reviewing all of the entries please understand that I am not in any way trying to dissuade you from contacting our office, rather my hope is to provide information that will allow you to receive a response as soon as possible and avoid delays.   It is our pleasure to help and we look forward to hearing from you. Number 1 Use the same email address when communicating with our office and when applying. This might sound obvious, but in my experience it is common for people to have at least three email addresses:   their personal email address, their work email address, and their alumni email address. It is highly recommended that you pick one and use the same email address the entire time you communicate with our office and that this email match the email listed on your admission application.   This helps us to research your situation in the quickest and most comprehensive manner possible. The first thing I do when I start to research an applicants inquiry or question is to plop the email address into my search bar.   If all of the emails are from the same account the process is greatly simplified and I am able to provide information in the most accurate and timely fashion possible. Also, I cannot tell you how many times someone has emailed our office with a question and used a different address than the one on their application.   When looking someone up in our system   I do so by email address.   Thus if you email with a different address than the one you used when applying it takes much longer to pull up the appropriate application record. From personal experience I recommend against using your business email address. The primary reason is that if you are admitted to SIPA you are going to leave your employer and your email account will be terminated.   Using your personal email address will avoid complications that can arise when you might request an email address change.   While it is possible to change emails in our system, it does require us to do it on behalf of the applicant and we have several software systems so it can take time and possibly lead to missed communications. I do have two bonus tips.   First, please include your email address in the body of your email for example below your name (an email signature with your email included is highly recommended).   Sometimes emails get forwarded to other parties and only the body gets sent along.   If I just get the body and the header is left off, we have no email address to respond to and this leads to delays while we try to track down email contact information. From my experience this is a very common problem when people forward me emails from their Blackberry or mobile phone.   I cannot tell you the number of times a SIPA faculty or staff member has forwarded me a message and there is no visible email address.   So, just to make sure, I recommend setting up an email signature that includes your full email address. Second, make sure to check your junk mail box every now and then.   Every once in   while someone will send me a message and it will inexplicably end up in my junk email.   I recommended that you add our email address to your approved sender list and check your junk mail every once in while to ensure our messages are not being sent to where you will not be able to view them in a timely fashion.

The Iliad And The Odyssey - 1060 Words

Homer once said, â€Å"Hateful to me as the gates of Hades is that man who hides one thing in his heart and speaks another.† (The Iliad pg.405) The quote is relevant to the stories Homer created during the period of the Trojan War. Homer orally performed two of his best works The Iliad and The Odyssey. Homer’s stories are old and probably translated differently than their original telling. Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey still show the basic human emotions and are an inspiration to other authors, poets, and oral presenters. Homer was forgotten, but now Homer’s existence is almost legend. According to Cynthia Shelmerdine, August Wolf Friedrich, a German scholar, debated that more than one person wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey. Wolf believed that The Iliad and The Odyssey were written by more than one author.Friedrich said that there was no proof that the Greeks knew how to write when Homer was alive. Wolf also believed that the long poems such as The Iliad and The Odyssey could not have been written without knowledge of writing tablets or any other mechanism. The unitarians, people who opposed Friedrich’s theories and his critics, believed the works, The Iliad, and The Odyssey were composed of one genius or two poets. At the end of the argument, it was at a standstill, but the controversy is still up for debate. Today the argument is known as â€Å"The Homeric Question† (Shelmerdine 304). Homer s writings were brutal and too mature for the younger readers. [For example, WhenShow MoreRelatedThe Iliad and the Odyssey1510 Words   |  7 Pages The Iliad and the Odyssey are two classic stories told by Homer. Within these two stories the roles of the gods are very important to the story line and how they affect the characters throughout. In the Iliad, more gods are involved with the characters whereas in the Odyssey there are only two major gods that affect two major characters. The roles of the gods in the Iliad are through two different stances of immortal versus immortal and mortal versus immortal. The roles of the gods in the OdysseyRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1317 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout The Iliad and The Odyssey, both Achilles and Odysseus go through intense acts of heroism, internal and external hardships, and fluctuations in confidence. During the epic, The Odyssey, the main character, Odysseus, has to endure many hardships which show. He has to sho w tremendous amounts of heroism and confidence just to keep his crew and himself alive. He has to rival and face many gods that despise him along with many humans. This theme can also be reflected from Homer’s The Iliad, where theRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1297 Words   |  6 Pages2. The Iliad and the Odyssey were written by a poet or poets known as Homer. They were stories written about heroes in Mycenaeans times. Homer focused on one important event to base the stories after, the Trojan War. The story was about Paris Prince of Troy, taking Helen of Sparta from her husband. A war started to get Helen back to her husband because her husbands honor was hurt. The story told in the Odyssey is one of the king of Ithaca trying to return to his wife and son after being gone forRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey977 Words   |  4 Pagesplot or storyline, or the theme of the myth. Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey are two prime examples of this. Within both epics, th e gods constantly intervene in the lives and situations of the characters, molding them to the desired outcome. Without the influence of the gods in either of the epics, however, the ending might have been very different. There was a great deal more divine intervention in The Iliad in comparison to The Odyssey, however, as there were more godly characters in that textRead MoreThe Odyssey And The Iliad1060 Words   |  5 PagesHomer was one of the first great authors in Western culture. He was known for creating the two Greek epics The Odyssey and The Iliad, which. The Odyssey tells of the ten-year journey by Odysseus to Ithica from Troy to be reunited with his beloved wife. The Odyssey was written in a with illustrative language. The Iliad was written in a. It depicted the end of the Trojan War and the siege of Troy. This event occurred centuries before Homer was assumed to have been born. Although both epics were writtenRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1599 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Iliad and The Odyssey, Homer has different portrayals of the roles that women play in each epic. These d ifferences are so striking that some readers have even argued that there is a possibility that a woman could have created The Odyssey, modeled after Homer’s Iliad. In The Iliad we see women represented as war prizes and slaves, vulnerabilities to men, and in positions of limited power. In The Odyssey however, we see women capturing men and keeping them as prizes, rising from a status ofRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1657 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the Greek Dark Ages was Homer, who I believe was the most influential writer of his time, and a writer who had truly made an impact on the evolution of Greek Culture following the Dark Ages. Two of Homer’s most famous poems were the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were Ancient Greek epic poems which covered a couple of weeks during the Trojan War. Although there were plenty of influential authors inspired by the Trojan war, Homer was by far the most influential; Nevertheless, This paper arguesRead MoreIliad and Odyssey1825 Words   |  8 Pagesand cinema of a certain era. The epic poems, The Iliad and Odyssey, give scholars and historians an idea how the Ancient Greek lived their everyday lives. By reading the two novels, the reader is able to experience the three thousand years old society of Homer. The various similarities between our society and the societies depicted in the Iliad and the Odyssey are surprising profuse. To name a few: the superfluous violence in Iliad and Odyssey, the characterization of Odysseus, the obscureRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1730 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said â€Å"In youth and beauty, wisdom is but rare!† a very relatable quote to the story of the Iliad. But who exactly is Homer? For starters, Homer was a poet who lived from 800 B.C.E and died in 701 B.C.E. He was from Greece, and to be specific he had lived somewhere along the coast of Asia Minor according to biography.com. Also, he is most famous for his epic poems which were The Iliad and The Od yssey. Now as for whether he truly existed or not is still quite a mystery. Some scholars â€Å"believe himRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1498 Words   |  6 PagesAn Influential Poem The Iliad is a poem that provides important stories with insight into early human society. It was an ancient story written centuries ago about two civilizations that battled against each other. â€Å"The Iliad tells the story of the clash of two great civilizations, and the effects of war on both the winners and losers† (Homer 222). In addition to its influence on Greek poetry, the Iliad is a great Homeric epic that has long helped shape critical schools of thought. It is not

Comparative Analysis of the Theories and Methods Used in...

The following paper is a comparative analysis of the theories and methods used by the authors of â€Å"Inked into Crime? An Examination of the Casual Relationships between Tattoos and Life-Course-Offending among males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development† (Jennings, Hahn, Farrington 2014) and â€Å"Nonmainstream Body Modification: Genital Piercing, Branding, Burning, and Cutting† (Myers 1992). Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s article investigates the correlation between tattoos and deviant behavior. In addition, the researches ultimately want to discover if the relationship between tattoos and crime may in fact be casual, or are just another symptom of developmental risk factors and personality traits (Jennings, Hahn, Farrington 79).†¦show more content†¦Included in the study were males, females, homosexuals, heterosexuals, and bisexuals. Myers spent a vast amount of time exploring various workshops and tattoo/piercing studios observing, in terviewing, and lecturing individuals on his current study. An example of this is when Myers attended the Living in Leather Convention as he stated â€Å"I was able to expand my involvement by showing my body modification slides to several people, attending parties, and helping out at the host organization’s hospitality suite† (1992:176). Though both studies rely heavily on body modification, they differ in a couple of ways. While the first study was considered a longitudinal study, the second one was considered a quasi-experimental study. The first study was done in a period of 53 years while the second study was done in a period of 2 years. Another difference is that the first study relied on a different type of sampling than the second. The first one involved quota sampling because the researchers knew exactly who they wanted to choose for participants in their study. The second study involved both random and accidental sampling for data observation and collection. I believe that Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s (2014) study was less effective than Myer’s study. Though Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s study is the first longitudinal study to measure tattoo-crime link, there are a few limitations. Instead of using a quota sample of

Article On Online Casino Games - 1574 Words

Article 25 – Online casino game developers to watch in 2015 If you love playing online casino games, there are plenty of reasons to get excited about 2015. Current software developers are working round the clock to raise the bar in terms of fun and quality, but it isn’t just the names you recognize that is pushing the online casino industry forward. Brand new software developers are seemingly starting up monthly, and with these new companies come brand new casino games and game technology. While 2015 is in full-swing and we’ve seen plenty of great games so far, the rest of the year is gearing up to be just as good, with the following three game developers being the ones to watch. Xin Gaming When you speak about game developers with heritage, you need to speak about Xin Gaming. This developer works to offer up games covering a wide range of themes, but by utilising various Asian font based card symbols within their slot-based games it remains loyal to its roots. The big titles created by Xin Gaming are Chinese New Year and Fantasies. After creating a loyal domestic fan base, Xin Gaming has its eyes set on international expansion in 2015 and look set to try there hand at making slot games that cover various social platforms. It should also be noted that the company has recently announced a new agreement with bitcoin casino Coin Gaming, which should see them expose their game catalogue to a brand new section of online casino players. Spinomenal If you are a new firm in theShow MoreRelatedArticle Review On Video Poker1538 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 10 – How to rule the roost at video poker While there is no denying that there are some similarities between online video poker games and online slot games, you can’t play them the same way and be successful. Video poker takes more than just faith in the gambling gods in order to find success, you need to understand what’s in front of you in order to win. Putting it simply, video poker success is going to be determined by your actions in the game. Remember strategy Don’t be a video pokerRead MoreArticle 41 : The Ultimate Guide1735 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 41 – The ultimate guide to live casinos As the world changes so do the arenas of online gambling and the innovations that go along with them. Since first appearing on the World Wide Web back in the late 1990s, online casinos have entered a constant state of evolution. 3D gaming and HD gaming have become the norm, with casino adventure games being the latest innovation to take the online world by storm. With all this innovation coming out you would be remiss to think that traditional tableRead MoreIs Us Based Online Gambling Under Threat?1629 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 7 – Is US based online gambling under threat? For years, the online gambling industry has fought tooth and nail for the right to have a legal presence in the United States. 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Many within the industry considerRead MoreArticle 35 : The Top 6 Online Slot Games1584 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 35 – The Top 6 Online Slot Games of All-Time It is a subject that has been debated on casino portals around the world, so what are the greatest online slot games of all time? The following is a comprehensive countdown of what we feel are the greatest slot games ever created. No. 1 – The Dark Night Slots The film took the cinema world by storm and re-launched the Batman franchise, with its slot adaptation revolutionizing the world of online slots. Created by Microgaming, The Dark NightRead MoreOnline Gambling On North American Shores1554 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 4 – PlayOLG gets better with age It went down as one of the controversial rulings in Canadian history, when government proposals to approve online gambling in Ontario were passed. 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System Protection and Automation

Question: Discuss about the System Protection and Automation. Answer: Introduction: IEC61850 is a standard integral to the application of modern networking technology for the purpose of automation, control and protection of electric power substations. It is a systems architecture, a modelling approach and a protocol. Beyond automation, this protocol was developed to simplify communication between several types of utility systems, as well as save on the cost of applying hundreds of different proprietary communication and information systems. Devices from different manufacturers required proprietary communication systems specific to them which presented a huge challenge where systems were composed of devices from several different manufacturers. The basic concept of automation dictates that there exists little or no human intervention. For this reason, it is necessary that various protection and control systems or protocols be integrated into the system. Supervisory control and data acquisition, SCADA, interfaces are also a necessity in an automated power system. The objective of IEC 61850 is to provide for seamless information integration across the utility enterprise using off-the-shelf products implementing these international standards. As noted earlier, an automated system requires little or no human supervision, and since no system can be said to be perfect, errors are bound to occur. To correct such errors, human intervention is required. Some of the services provided by IEC61850 include event logging and reporting such that the system is capable of recording events as they occur and communicating the same to a manned node or human-machine interface. The feature is referred to as digital fault recording (DFR) and enables the user to quickly identify failure using built-in diagnostic tools. This is made possible by GSE, (generic substation events) a control model which provides a mechanism for data transfer within a network or peer to peer messaging. There are two different models of GSE namely GSSE (generic substation event) and GOOSE (Generic object oriented substation event). The difference between the two is that while the GOOSE message may include several data types such as analog, binary, and integers, the G SSE message is limited to support a fixed structure of binary event status data. The latter allows for multicast messaging meaning that the same message can be transmitted to several nodes at the same time using an Ethernet address known as a multicast address. In the occurrence that any data item known to the system is changed, a GOOSE message is said to be published and any device on the network can subscribe to the data and use it as needed. This publisher-subscriber communication concept is used in favor of client-server communication which is considerably more time consuming since it must use the full seven layer stack. The IEC61850 system architecture consists of what is known as a station bus. This component connects all the devices within the system and defines the mechanism that enables multicast communication, GOOSE. One GOOSE message can replace hundreds of wires that would normally be used to enable inter-device functionality. These features allow the system to convey me ssages to a human operator who can take the necessary corrective actions required in any given situation. In this way, IEC61850 facilitates error recovery as well as system protection. It is also worth noting that the standard provides time-stamped data thereby conveying time specific information to the human operator. Real time data is an invaluable asset especially in the case of automated systems. The reason being that the sooner data can be processed and transmitted, the sooner it can be acted on. Real time data means that data is made available to the recipient as soon as it is processed with little or no time delay. In a system such as that found in a substation whose coverage stretches over a vast scale, influencing hundreds of businesses as well as households, a small delay in resumption of normal service after an error may result in adverse effects. The IEC61850 supports real time data exchange leaving no room for delays on its part. It achieves this through MMS, (manufacturing message specification) which is a standardized protocol that supports requirements for various high performance services such as make or break connections between client and server, send an unsolicited read response to a client and get the definition of an object. IEC61850 also enables time synchronization across al l the devices within the network. Time synchronization is realized through the Simple Network and Time Protocol (SNTP) which is specific to the standard. Since all devices are time synchronized, the data is time accurate. However, data can never be truly presented in real time due to transmission delays which are unavoidable. Another service provided by IEC61850 is the process connection feature which allows information transfer between instrument transformers, protection equipment and circuit breakers. This transfer of information between devices is made possible by a core characteristic of the IEC61850 referred to as interoperability. Interoperability is the ability of a system to exchange information between intelligent electronic devices from different manufacturers. The standard is critical to process connection since this service requires timely information transfer. As discussed earlier, IEC61850 provides for real time transfer of data between systems as well as devices. The timeliness of the information has a direct impact on how long the protection function takes to react. The protection function must trigger as fast as possible to prevent further damage to the equipment in direct danger and by extension, replacement costs. IEC61850 also requires an Ethernet LAN connection between protective rela ys to enable communication. The high speed Ethernet connection is also able to exchange analog data between relays in the same message, so actual values of currents, voltages and power can be sent to other IEC61850 based IEDs. IEC61850 is also used during planning of a substation. Various tests must be carried out to ensure the compatibility of various devices to each other and more so to the IEC61850 standard. One such test is the system performance test. Its purpose is to check the performance classes as defined in the mandatory part, IEC 61850 for the device in a system (system conformance) independent from a project, the IEDs may be tested in a test system with reasonable data traffic in the background . Another test is the factory acceptance test which has to prove that the system, as far as assembled in the factory, fulfills the given specifications of the customer. For this test, all parts must be compatible with IEC61850 and all SCL files must be present for the purpose of configuration and implementation. Not all parts may be available during the test and as such they must be simulated to ensure accurate results. The purpose of the tests is to ensure that all parts will work properly and to the cu stomers specifications once the project is completed, and to avoid incurring any reworking costs. They also ensure that the system will continue to run seamlessly thereby continually providing protection for the individual devices and for the system as a whole. Time over-current is another protection feature integrated within IEC61850. This features purpose is to protect the system from excess current and interphase faults . The feature also replaces traditional fuses which cannot be fully depended upon in an automated system. This is because once a fuse melts, the system cannot resume normal functionality until the melted fuse is replaced which also means that remote operation is not possible. Although fuses are the primary source of protection for distributed energy resources, another fault lies in the fact that one cannot control the time to trip. This creates difficulties in primary back-up coordination activities . The back-up protection to the fuse is provided by overcurrent relays at a feeder point. Overcurrent relays must also play a dual role in that they provide both primary and back-up protection. In the event that a fault goes undetected by the first set of relays, and the relays fail to isolate the device, an additional set of relays is opened. The second set of relays must not be opened unless the first set has already been opened. This requires what known as a wait state which is enabled by another feature referred to as Time Multiplier Setting (TMS). By increasing or decreasing this setting, one can vary the trip time appropriately such that the second set of relays are subjected to a time delay to allow the first set to open first. SCADA interfaces are the only way through which data and information can be exchanged between the human component and the system. It is basically an input and output terminal which at its core is powered by IEC61850 in that the standard enables communication between the different devices including SCADA. A typical function of SCADA is the creation of alarm lists and event lists. SCADA enables automation and protection in a multitude of ways. First and foremost is that it receives data from the system in form of event logs and reports and conveys it to the human operator or protection engineer who acts on it accordingly. It is also the means through which the human operator manipulates data within the system when it is required. In this way, IEC61850 provides a link through which several operations are made possible. For this reason, it is also referred to as a human machine interface (HMI). Another service provided by IEC61850 is the read/write feature which means that the system can give and receive instructions. This means that the system can react to various situations that were foreseen before or during system planning. The client can send commands to the server to modify its behavior by performing changes in internal data, change of parameter sets, analog set-points, enabling or disabling functions and so on. The system consists of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) which facilitate the read/write feature also known as device control. IEDs implement control, but only after receiving instructions from a master computer. IEDs are also referred to as slave components. Device control means that the system can effectively trigger an action or stop one if required. This feature negates the need for human intervention when it comes to some common errors in the functionality of the system. This is, in itself, automation. A suitable example is the predefined quality flag s which may force the system to report or take corrective action if possible where the quality of the power produced is below the required limit, perhaps in terms of stability. IEC61850 provides object mapping and no manual mapping of equipment is needed. All devices can be viewed through a SCADA interface and all of them share a similar naming convention. Through a feature called self-description, devices and their details such as the model as opposed to data points are automatically generated for the user on the SCADA interface. Self-description also allows a device to tell its master what particular data it is going to report and enables the master to configure itself for a particular device. Object names can be retrieved from the IEC61850 automatically to effectively and efficiently report errors or events. Automatic object mapping shows the location of devices in relation to one another. This way, the user can identify devices with high precision in the event that some device requires repairing or replacement thus avoiding reworking and/or losses as a result of errors in the equipment ordered. Device configurations can also be implemented using SCL (su bstation configuration language) files. Devices from other suppliers use such files to document the messages. However, such devices require firmware changes to modify message configuration. Substation Configuration Language is a standardized method of describing substation power systems and device configuration. Substation Configuration Language is beneficial in that there is little conflict between equipment, devices and applications where one is changed for one reason or another. The user is only required to move a few files around such as SCL files and firmware files to configure new equipment. Configuration of an automated substation system, a task that would otherwise require a substantial amount of human labor, is automated and therefore saves greatly on time and money. IEC61850 communications based protection and control systems can also be used to implement a lockout function. Traditional lockout relays typically serve to trip and isolate or keep out of service a given zone, especially during repair or inspection. The protection zone could be any single component within the system, for example a transformer, a bus, transmission line or a collection of equipment. This function protects both the personnel on site as well as the equipment undergoing repairs from suffering even further damage. Integrating a lockout feature with the IEC61850 communication protocol is a step into the future of protection and control systems. However, some core features required of a traditional lockout scheme must be present in any new lockout design. They are briefly described below. Zone based lockout; this means that each protective zone that implements lockout must have its own lockout state. It must not be combined with other zones. Local and remote indication; a means must be provided for operators to be able to determine the particular lockout in effect so as to determine the cause and remedy for each lockout. Close inhibit; a breaker cannot be closed so long as any lockout is still in effect regardless of any lockouts applied to it that may have been reset. Loss of protection system power; even if the protection and control system is de-energized, and then later re-energized, all the lockouts that were in effect remain in effect. Single procedure reset; resetting a particular lockout only involves one procedure. All the equipment within the protective zone associated with a particular lockout is reset as a group when the lockout itself is reset. Although the IEC61850 standard was initially developed for communication purposes within the substation, it can just as well be re-purposed to incorporate and automate traditional protection systems using GOOSE messages. GOOSE messages not only replace hard wires within the system, but can also monitor the health of virtual wires. The control model performs such checks to ensure that all protection protocols and devices are in good working condition if and when they are called upon to protect the system. GOOSE messages can do this because they are constantly re-transmitting in between certain intervals which the user can define. In the event that a message is received later than it was expected, the subscribing IED sends out a GOOSE alarm message notifying SCADA of the error. The IED then modifies its internal logic to address the error. This re-transmission feature also ensures that each message is delivered in the event that the first transmission is dropped or corrupted. Corrupted transmissions can be attributed to a high volume of Ethernet traffic or interference caused when control and power cables share a cabling tray with the Ethernet cable. The narrower the time window defined, the better. Reason being the channel may still fail in between transmissions where the probability of that occurrence is directly proportional to the time window set. Integration is the ability of computer based applications to interact with other systems in order to perform a useful function for the user. Integration is specific to the IEC 61850 standard. With this in mind, experts have realized a new frontier in substation communication. IEC 61850 is expanding outside the substation through communication between substations and control centers. IEC61850 communication, modelling and system engineering between stations are dependent on Ethernet communications. An Ethernet connection between stations can be established in a number of ways. One such way is through a direct wideband LAN interface. This involves the use of a LAN network possessing considerably high data transfer capabilities. That is, a large bandwidth in order to facilitate the timeliness of data. This option is disadvantageous in that it can only be applied over physically proximal networks. Another method, one that is perhaps better in terms of the scale that can be covered, is a t unnel that filters and directly passes packets over a Wide Area Network (WAN). WAN is a network spread over a large geographical area. WAN is composed of several LANs between which it transfers data. This is the only way it can facilitate data exchange between substations spread over hundreds and even thousands of miles. Integration, in conjunction with Ethernet enables the creation of a larger singular system which aids in coordination of protection and control services over a larger scale. A larger system controlling smaller systems under its umbrella also enables enhanced service delivery. In addition, with substations able to communicate between themselves, a higher level of automation is achieved. Another application of IEC61850 lies in the start/stop feature. This feature is not standard to the IEC61850, but it can be integrated. As the name suggests, this feature can start or stop operations within a substation if or when the system deems it necessary. Through this level of automation facilitated by IEC61850, the system provides protection for itself in the event of an error. In conclusion, IEC61850 avails several benefits in the way of cost reduction time saving and protection of power systems. It is the basis for all communication that occurs within a substation and is therefore critical to the protection and automation of the systems within a substation. The value of IEC61850 lies in the testing it allows and the standard that it provides with regard to communication between different components and devices within the system. Testing individual IEDs and their interoperability is critical to the success of any IEC61850 project. IEC61850 also considers future developments which is an important factor for any technological platform. It can thus be said to be future proof in that it follows the progress in mainstream communication technology. Through standardization of a communication protocol, IEC61850 saved several utilities from having to implement several different communication systems and also paved the way for other standards such as wind power and hydro-electric power. With such advancements it is clear that the same technology can be used as a basis to develop standards for other forms of distributed energy resources in the near future. References Y. Gao, "IEC61850-Based Analysis of Coal Mine Ground Transformer Substation Integrated Automation Communication System",AMR, vol. 619, pp. 199-202, 2012. S. Yin, "Research on the Application of IBE in IEC61850 Substation Automation System",AMM, vol. 130-134, pp. 2805-2808, 2011. H. Kirrmann, "Introduction to the IEC 61850 electrical utility communication standard", 2012. I. MESMAEKER, "How to use IEC 61850 in protection and automation", 2016. A. Ehsani Fard, "Using IEC 61850 Protocol in Automation Systems of High Voltage",Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 28, 2016. L. Rocca, P. Pinceti and M. Magro, "Can we use IEC 61850 for safety related functions?"Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, 2016.

Futurism Essay Example

Futurism Essay The article discussed the establishment of Futurism. It narrates how the movement began and the rationale behind its foundation. Through the words of Marinetti himself, readers are able to understand how he and others came about the realization that a change in the mindset of people was needed. He tells the story of the events leading up to the establishment of movement. More importantly, the article lays down the manifesto of Futurism.The beginning of the article is the story of how Marinetti and his friends began to lay down the foundations of Futurism. The first few paragraphs discuss the near-death encounters of Marinetti and his friends. More importantly, Marinetti explains how such events did not deter them from their quest to announce to the world their intentions and the changes they want to make to the prevailing ideologies in society.The article then lists down the elements of the Manifesto of Futurism. The manifesto contains 11 statements that detail the beliefs that the m ovement has. These elements basically point to the ideology that people should avoid looking back at the past and instead, look ahead to the future. The manifesto states that Marinetti and his friends intend to tackle the dangers and uncertainty of the future head on with courage, audacity, and revolt. Furthermore, it calls for aggressiveness in facing the future events. Another important element in the manifesto is the call for glorification of war, militarism, and patriotism. Also, the manifesto calls for the destruction of museums, libraries, and academies. In the same statement, Marinetti and company indicate their intentions to battle movements that they feel are derogatory such as moralism and feminism. The futurists believe that these movements signify opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice.Having laid down the principles of Futurism, Marinetti moved on to justifying the rationale behind their beliefs. He states that the movement will be launched from Italy. He outlined the p urpose of the movement by saying, â€Å"We want to free this land from its smelly gangrene of professors, archeologists, ciceroni, and antiquarians.†Marinetti believed that museums and libraries only held back the courage of facing the future. He did not see the use of visiting libraries and museums for he believed that looking back at elements of the past will only lead people to be â€Å"exhausted, shrunken, and beaten down.† He then compared visits to museums to the prolonged supervision of parents of their children. He believed that just like the latter, visiting museums only hinders the growth and development of the talents and skills of the young. Marinetti then clearly stated that he, together with other Futurists, wants no part of the past. The latter part of the article calls for people to join the Futurists. Marinetti calls upon all others to join in flooding museums and in setting fire to library shelves.Marinetti believed that when he grows older, his succe ssors will have no use for him and his friends. He understands and accepts that the younger generation will, â€Å"Throw us in the wastebasket like useless manuscripts.† More importantly, he wants it to happen for he believes that at that point he has become an element of the past and will not be of any use to anyone.Marinetti ends his article with a statement against the movement’s critics and detractors. He states their refusal to be affected by the criticism for they do not care about what others says. He ends his writing with the statement, â€Å"Erect on the summit of the world, once again we hurl our defiance to the stars!†

The Migrant Workers of the Dirty Thirties, compares Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath both by John Steinbeck, with true migrant workers of that time.

The Migrant Workers of the Dirty Thirties, compares Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath both by John Steinbeck, with true migrant workers of that time. The "Dirty Thirties" brought much struggle to the people of North America. With the stock market crash of 1929 and the droughts and dust storms that dominated the next ten years, life in the Great Plains region of the United States was miserable. Many families packed up as many belongings as they could manage and began their journey to find work. Some families went towards California and the West and others went towards the East. John Steinbeck, who was born in the Salinas Valley of California, witnessed first hand much of this migration to the West and he wrote many books pertaining to his home state. Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath are two such examples, examining two very different migrant families during the 1930s. Steinbeck's books have often been criticized for being untrue to the history they explore (Timmerman 5). Nevertheless, the characters in these two books have certain elements in common with migrant workers of the Depression.Cover of The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, 19...The main struggles for migrant workers during the 1930s were work and survival, looking out for one another, and dreams.Surviving the Great Depression was a major concern for people all over North America, and the people of the Great Plains had tough weather conditions to deal with in addition to the failing economy. The "Dust Bowl", a series of dust storms and destructive winds, was very destructive in this region of the United States. Oklahoma, the home of the Joad family in The Grapes of Wrath, was one of the areas hit hardest by the dust storms. The Joad family has to leave the state in search of a better life in order to find work and to survive. They try to get by on as little as possible, eating cornmeal for quite some time...

PROFESSIONAL PRESENCE & INFLUENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PROFESSIONAL PRESENCE & INFLUENCE - Essay Example Spirituality and religion influence and determine how an individual copes with sickness. Additionally, religion and spirituality may influence the medical decisions made by health professionals. As such, these beliefs have a direct impact on the medical outcome. The bio-psycho-social model views the body and mind of a patient as two significant systems. These systems are inter-joined like a mind body connection. The bio-psycho-social model demonstrates that the state of the body affects the mind and the state of the mind affects the body too. However, this does not imply that there is a direct effect between the body and the mind. Specific intermediate elements can form a bridge between thought and the biological concept. Psychosocial elements cause biological effects by exposing the individual or patient to risk factors. As such, the patient’s likelihood of disease is heightened. Most theories dictate that the state of the mind has a direct correlation with the immune system. Moreover, many people believe that a pathological disease may or can have a direct effect on the mind of a person. This is a traditional and ancient approach to the treatment or diagnosis of diseases (Pelletier, 1995). Physicians originating from the western world often practice it. Using a problem solving approach, a physician isolates other body parts and focuses mainly on the dysfunction or defect within the patient (Kabat-Zinn, 2009). Physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests of the patient form the primary basis for the treatment or identification of the illness. This model focuses mainly on the physical and biological concepts of particular illnesses. The main difference between the two health models is that the body mind model mainly focuses on the body and mind whereas the body, mind, and spirit model tackles health issues from a

Personal Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Values - Essay Example There is a great deal of focus on customer satisfaction and loyalty within the company. I found these values highly impressive and since they were reflected in the way things were done at Kudler, I feel they were more than just words. Kudler believes that it doesn't need to lower its prices to draw more customers. It wants to retain its existing customers and attract potential ones with the help of a different strategy. This is a good strategy and I believe that the firm understands that it is not always the price that matters. Kudler knows that the people who appreciate its products are quality conscious people and hence it is the product itself which is important to them and not the price. Thus Kudler has not made Price a differentiating factor to attract customers. Kudler has been working on various things to improve customer loyalty and to track their preferences. For one, Kudler plans to offer differentiating services to its customers who this would be a new and unique bakery experience for them. In order to do that, the firm plans to track customer's tastes and preferences in order to serve them better. The one area where I need more understanding is company's use of technology. While the company has always been willing to incorporate technology, I still find its use of technology very limited. This shows that the company either has not been paying too much attention to technology or it is deliberately keeping the use to a minimum. As a manager that first thing I would like to work on would be the use of technology. With Internet becoming such a formidable force, I would like to harness the power of this technology to make operations even more efficient and systematic at Kudler. Internet can be used for various purposes such as: 1. To reach a wider customer base 2. to track the tastes and preferences of customers 3. To announce new promotions and products 4. To conduct polls on products 5. To offer new customers with coupons 6. To track the number of customers interested in Kudler products 7. To get feedback My plan to accomplish this would include minimum budget since I understand that Internet systems do not need cost a lot provided you know the right people in the business. I understand that once a system is in place, we would need to train some of our staff especially for the purpose of working online to product customers with instant answers to their queries and to work on their feedback. We will need to start with having a website dedicated to customer service improvement. This site will have a poll, information on new products and new promotions, it would also include a feedback form plus other important things in an entertaining way so people would want to stay on the website. I find its customer service focus very appealing. I have worked for other companies and have found that often the reason for failure is lack of concern for customers. I am highly interested in improving customer service at Kudler and I find that this company is equally interested and equally committed to it.

Importance of information systems

Importance of information systems Abstract: The following paper explains the importance of information systems in E-business and the limitations of information systems on the E-business. The report explicates different information systems used in E-business. Also the report gives the advantages and limitations of E-business and its resultant architectures. The discussion in the paper is limited to the information systems architectures, Advantages, Limitations and does not include the strategies in it. (http://www.aeablogs.org/eakd/files/Zachman_s_Original_1987_Paper.pdf) Introduction: An Information system (IS) is a combination of computing systems used in a organisation and the activities performed on them in order to support the organisation and also help in decision making process. In other terms IS is used to collect, process, store, analyze and disseminate information for specific purpose (Turban 2008, pg 13). Information systems have large role in the implementation of E-business in the past decade. Due to the increased complexity in the designs and the level of complexity in the systems (Information Technology) used on Online markets are forcing E-business to use some logical architecture of Information systems in order to make the design, functionality and processes look simpler and ease. Information systems has not only provided the level of cost-effective solutions but also helped in terms of human work force i.e., combination of Information technology and human involvement reduced the risk of failures in E-business. For example EBay and Amazon are some of the E-business organizations that are successfully using Information systems in their daily business activities. Information architecture is a physical plan of how the information assets in an organization are arranges which includes the physical designs of the buildings, hardware and other physical assets of the company. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is another area of study that helps in processing and transfer of data and information electronically that is used for information system and also provides the infrastructure for intra- and inter-organisational information systems.(http://www.turningcourse.com/ukais/isdefn.pdf) Below shown is the sample figure of the architecture of an organization. The above figure illustrates the Information infrastructure in an Online Airline Company. The picture also explains how the process in that organization takes in their day to day activities. Whether running an airline or an airport, the right information systems can have a critical impact in the operating costs, operating effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. Some of the potential features of Information Systems are: Combine resources and collaborate with each other anytime, anywhere. Increase the efficiency and effectiveness of people working in a group in several locations. Effective decision-making. Reach global market efficiently. Information Systems in E-business: In order to understand E-business, we must first learn the definition of E-commerce. It is nothing but buying and selling of products and services over electronic networks (Internet). While E-business focuses on the strategies, that gives more importance and to the functionalities that evolve are determined as potential features of the Information systems in E-business. So, E-commerce is a subset of E-business (Wikipedia, E-business). E-business can also be described as integration of business strategies, processes and technologies. Some of the application areas of E-business are Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Human Resource Management (HRM). The two basic strategies conducted over internet are business to customer (B2C) and business to business (B2B). For an effective and efficient E-business, Information systems are very crucial. Information systems simplifies the business process involved, whether it is the transactions, decision making, customer relationships or the managerial issues (http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/ptgfbtkj67d8wwr6/fulltext.pdf?page=1). Information systems are widely used in E-businesses these days. Electronic business is a wide area where IS can be used in many processes. IS are used in the transactions, services and strategies in the E-business thus stating them as a backbone for any business process. IS architecture are well understood but the conceptual specification of information systems for business process integration remains an open methodology in terms of managerial perspective. Some of the advantages of E-business are: Worldwide Presence: One of the biggest advantages of promoting E-business online is its presence in the global market. For example, IBM was one of the initial companies to adapt E-business in the areas of servicing customers and collaborating with different business organization around the globe. Dell on the other hand has an efficient business selling their products all over the globe through telephone and the Internet. Cost Effective Marketing and Promotions: Buy being in the global market on the web enables the organizations to reach their customers at normal prices or even discounted prices as the middle man costs are reduces in this process. Advertising techniques like pay per click advertising ensure that the advertiser only pays for the advertisements that are actually viewed. Affiliate marketing, is another technique where the consumers are directed to the required business sites and in turn these site owners receive compensations which benefits both the parties. Organizations involved in e-business have to use cost effective online advertising strategies to their advantage. Developing a Competitive Strategy: By being on the online market, many organizations can analyse their data and develop a strategy to compete with other companies in the market with an effective strategy by using some of the information systems such as ERP. Better Customer Service: By using the CRM application has improves the customer service. For example, on visiting a site there is a pop up window that enables chat window. So the customer can clear any doubts that he has. Also by paying the product cost online the customer may not have to leave their house in order to receive to product. Disadvantages of E-Business Sectoral Limitations: One of the major disadvantages of E-business is growth in some sectors such as food industry for example. Customers do not want to buy food products particularly which are unpreserved because they have a fear of contamination of the product. Likewise, some other sectors are large constructional equipments; Automobile and pharmacy are some of the sectors that E-business has limitations. You may not receive what you believe you have purchased. Security Some of the ricks that a customer or supplier could face in E-business is the security. The customer faces risks such as financial records, personal privacy and viruses whereas the supplier face risks such as viruses and hackers. But it is apparent that the advantages of E-business outsmart its limitations. Thus concluding that every business have to change their mode of operation and adopt E-business for its success and global reach. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-e-business.html Information Systems Architecture in E-business: Information systems architecture is in nothing but the organization development, system structure, technical support, and product delivery mechanisms for a business information system. Information architecture explains the physical design (Hardware, Buildings and software processes) involved in it. E-business uses many information systems in order to improve their business effectively and efficiently. The information systems used in E-business architecture are explained more detailed in the following report. Transaction Processing systems(TPS): TPS supports the monitoring the transactions and also cooling, storing, processing and sub-categorizing the business transactions. The primary mechanism of this system is to provide the information needed by the organization in order to run the business more effectively. Generally information systems are designed within each functional area (Support systems, External Systems) thus increasing its effectiveness though proper integration of information systems. The following diagram explains the flow of information among the function areas within the information systems through integration. Integration is an important component in TPS. For example An E-business organization such as eBay has many transactions and if an electronic payment is made, the amount must be either both withdrawn from one account and added to the other account. In case of a failure preventing transaction completion, the partially executed transaction must be rolled back by the TPS. Management Information Systems (MIS): MIS is the system or method that delivers information needed in an organization. This information is used in decision making processes and other important functional areas. It covers each and every aspect of the organization such as reports, technical information (sales reports, analysts reports) in a business to solve problems such as product costs, services and business strategies. Some of the features of MIS are: Processes data into information. Directed towards middle managers. Information achieved is categorized accordingly so that it is easy to analyze the data when used in decision making. Executive Support Systems (ESS): ESS is also called as Enterprise Information System (EIS) that is mainly used by the senior level managers. At the top level management EIS supports strategic planning that may sometimes change the nature of the business process. The EIS information is generally Decision support system for the whole organization that helps the senior executives to analyze and monitor the data in the decision making process. Knowledge Management Systems(KMS): KMS is a kind of support systems between top level and middle level management. KMS is nothing but additional staff in organizations who act as advisors for senior and middle management. The concept of KMS is to help employees in the company to readily access the documents, information sources and solution.KMS is also responsible for finding new knowledge for the organization and integrating it with existing knowledge.

Pop-ups and Spam Email Ethical Judgement Essay -- Internet Ads Adverti

Pop-ups and Spam Email Ethical Judgement Introduction: Only two things are certain in this life, death and taxes. I beg to differ. Seems to me we can throw spam and pop-up advertisements in there as well. In recent years, spam and pop-ups have become a way of life. People spend hours of their day weeding through their emails to find which ones are spam and which are the ones they really want to see. And it seems like any webpage you go to nowadays, an animated/flashing pop-up window appears, trying to get you to buy something. Most everyone hates spam and pop-up advertisements. Doing some observational research, I noticed that when people visit websites with pop-ups, they tend to become frustrated and attempt to quickly close the pop-ups window. Personally, I don’t like pop-ups because they never have pertain to anything I’m interested in, and even if they did, I wouldn’t trust an advertisement that is blaring in my face when I’m attempting to do other work that is totally unrelated. I asked others how they feel about pop-ups, and I got some interesting responses. One person said, â€Å"I don’t even consciously think of them anymore. It’s almost like second-nature; when I visit a webpage, without thinking I find the little X in the corner of the pop-up window and close it as fast as possible.† I found the same mentality toward spam messages and emails. A fellow classmate told me that he receives on the order of 200 spam emails every single day. That’s mind-blowing! I thought my 25 per day was bad enough. It got to the point where he needed to create a new email address for important emails, and just empty the old one out everyday. The problem he faces is that if one or two of those 200 emails are ac... ...ps and spam emails forever. References: Apryl Duncan, Pop-Ups: Annoying But Good , 2003, About Advertising, January 2003, http://www.advertising.about.com/library/weekly/aa012803a.htm. Carl Sullivan, E-mail, Ad Blockers Pose Problems for Publishers, 2003, Editor & Publisher, 5 May 2003, http://www.mediainfo.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1894258. Thomas Ordahl, STOP THE POP (UP): The Problem with Internet Advertising, 2004, The Direct Marketing Association, 7 April 2004, http://www.the-dma.org/cgi/dispnewsstand?article=2111+++++. Jeffrey Utech, The Ethics of Pop-Ups, 2 October 2003, http://jeffrey.theutechs.com/blog/archives/000743.html. Peter Landau, Earthlink Upgrades Spam, Pop-up Blockers, 2003, Editor & Publisher, 30 May 2003, http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1898583.

Homeless research Essay

1.0 HYPOTHESIS The aim of this research is to define whether or not drug and or alcohol abuse are contributing factors to becoming homeless. It is not easy to establish a correlation between addiction, homelessness and substance abuse; however this research aims to determine the answer through the collection of  both qualitative and quantitative data in the form of a questionnaire. 2.0 Introduction 2.1 This research intends to discover whether there is a correlation between homelessness and drugs/alcohol abuse? In England homelessness has been accepted as a social norm, although ethically this should not be the case. In 2002 legislation such as The Homelessness Act was brought in for local authorities to prevent homelessness. My interest in the topic arose after attending a programme with Tenant Support a voluntary organisation, regarding an early intervention of alcohol abuse, which aimed to prevent people becoming homeless due to addictions, the question arose, does substance abuse contribute to becoming homeless, and what can be done to help prevent this? In addition to this can becoming homeless create an addiction or alcohol/drug dependency? 3.0 Homelessness 3.1 What is homelessness? Homelessness is viewed as individuals/families finding themselves in a situation where they have no secure accommodation to live in. According to Amore et al ‘How homelessness should be defined is a fundamental and persistent problem’(2011:2). 3.2 Under the 1996 Housing Act a person or persons are defined homeless if: There is no accommodation that they are entitled to occupy They have accommodation but it is not reasonable for them to continue to occupy this accommodation They have accommodation but cannot secure entry to it; They have accommodation but it consists of a moveable structure, vehicle or vessel designed or adapted for human habitation and there is no place where they are entitled or permitted both to place it and to reside in it. Any one meeting this definition and who has successfully applied to their local authority to be classified as such is officially recognised as being homeless’. Firth, (2010, :3) 3.3 The effects of homelessness The effects of homelessness can often include or lead to; loss of  self-esteem, discrimination, vulnerability, substance abuse, criminal activities, self neglect, sexual and psychical abuse. For example, ‘some homeless women act strangely and neglect personal hygiene as a way to protect themselves from attack’. Many homeless people are discriminated against due to the fact that some people just look down at them and presume that there in that situation due to there own doing. 4.0 Substance abuse. 4.1 What is substance abuse? The term substance abuse means the use of any substance such as; drug or alcohol, to a degree that is deemed hazardous. According to Firth (2008:1) ‘Some drugs, such as morphine, have medical purposes. If they are used for other reasons, or in unnecessarily large quantities, then the term ‘drug abuse’ is applied’. 4.2 The effects of drug abuse The effects alone can be devastating so in conjunction with homelessness can result in the devastation of lives. Some of the effects of drug abuse are: loss of job, social exclusion, increased criminal activity, family breakdowns, psychical and psychological effects. One example of social exclusion is that people tent to alienate others that used drugs due to the prejudice and stigma attached to them. People often over see the underlining contributing factors that first caused the drug abuse in the first place. 4.3 Possible prevention strategies Early intervention could be brought in at the very start of substance abuse i.e. an employee turns up for work on a number of occasions under the influence of alcohol or drugs and inevitably gets fired as a direct result of turning up for work under the influence, the employee does not see the employer again as in his opinion he has fulfilled his role. It is at this point a vital chance for early intervention has been missed. If the employer had perhaps signposted the employee to the correct services for some help and support with the high risk drinking, then this issue may have been recognised and steps could have be taken to help and perhaps prevent further misuse. 5.0 key debates 5.1 Despite attempts from the Government and local authorities, Homelessness remains a significant issue. From the homeless people interviewed for the primary research (see appendix three), a large percentage of them have the view that the Government does not do enough to help them. The department for Communities and local Government suggest ‘the most effective way of preventing a large rise in the numbers of repossessions is to address the public deficit and make sure that interest rates remain low funding for debt advice services’ therefore reducing the possible numbers of potential homeless. 5.1 Many of the questionnaire participants have no Intention of stopping the re-occurring drug/alcohol abuse or even have self realisation that there is a problem. The Government should perhaps put in place educational talks seminars in schools to do with drug/alcohols and the dangers of misusing them and what to do if an individual finds them self in a position of homelessness so they have some knowledge of what to do or where to go for help, guidance or assistance. 5.2 Perhaps the Government should review the content taught in schools today, According to Chabot 2012 ‘The current structure works for lots of students, who have lots of structure and high expectations at home. But society and families are not the same as 30 years ago. The school hasn’t changed we need to adapt. On the contrary is the role of education to socially engineer children? Graph A 5.3 Results of the distributed questionnaires clearly show that the main cause of homelessness is a break down in family relationship. According to Firth (2010: 40) ‘The breakdown of family relationships has been identified as the main cause of homelessness’ Additionally, 5.4 Graph B shows the results from the question ‘since becoming homeless have you used alcohol/drugs’? Clearly the results show that from the sample of the homeless community that filled out my questionnaires, once an individual finds them self in the position of being homeless then the use of  drugs/alcohol develops. ‘Some people may view drug and alcohol use as necessary to be accepted among the homeless community’ (Didenko and Pankratz, 2007). Graph B Analysis The Evaluation of my research has proved my hypothesis wrong, homelessness is not always primarily caused by drug/alcohol related abuse, my findings show that a breakdown in the family is a major contributing factor to homelessness. Furthermore once an individual finds themselves homeless a drug/alcohol issue arises for various reason; such as; to numb the pain, to forget, boredom and because they generally enjoy the use of substances. 6.0 Methodology 6.1 Initially I read around the topic using secondary sources (see literature review) but to secure a deeper understanding and obtain my own results I undertook a primary piece of research. I created a questionnaire which had a mix of open and closed questions, which I submitted 20 throughout the homeless community that attend YMCA Project in Warrington town centre. The reason for choosing the YMCA to submit my questionnaire was the fact that the YMCA run a night shelter for the homeless in Warrington, and provided other various services that work closely with the homeless community. 6.2 After undertaking some research about the YMCA and talking to staff members it seemed the most effective way for the homeless to participate in the research was to be there in person offering a free cup of tea coffee to willing participants. The results will be analysed and put in to a table so a clear distinction of these results can be seen. I will then try to draw some comparisons to the secondary source data and information obtained from Firth (2010). 6.3 The aim of the questionnaire was to try and identify what help is already accessible for the homeless or substance misusers, what is readily available, and is it equally and easily accessible to everyone who needs it, should they want such services. . 6.4 The questionnaires created consisted of fourteen questions. The first question was to establish the age group the participant comes under. The next five questions are regarding homelessness and the details surrounding becoming homeless. There are two questions regarding the use/misuse of drugs and alcohol. The following four  questions are in relation to services regarding drug/alcohol and homelessness. Finally the last three questions ask whether the participant thinks ‘Do the Government do enough to help prevent homelessness?’, ‘What changes would you like to see for the homeless?’ and ‘any other comments’?. I chose not to administer my questionnaire directly as this would have a direct response on the answers the participant would give. I handed out the questionnaire and asked the participant to fill them in on their own thus ensuring that they could take their time and it would be more objective and the result more valid. However, because I was in the vicinity and had provided tea this may be considered as pressure and could have had an impact on the type of response they gave. After analysing all 20 completed questionnaires, I found that the main reason for the cause of homelessness was in fact due to a family breakdown. I compiled all the findings from question 3 ‘what are the reasons for becoming homeless’ and the results are shown in table A below. 6.5 The conclusion that was obtained from the questionnaire results, is that many homeless people believe the Government do not do enough to help them, but my figures show that a large percentage have been or are currently in the process of being re homed, which suggests that the Government is doing more than is perceived by the homeless community. This is not necessarily tackling the underling issues that caused the homelessness in the first place. So should the Government be contributing towards the underlining issues that primarily make that person homeless? This could include delivering a service to the homeless community, which identifies the problems and gives the knowledge to empower them to make informed decisions about substance use, in an attempt to eradicate the problem before it becomes one. 7.0 Reflective Accounts As a result of talking to the homeless participants I came to the conclusion that most of them were very uncomfortable filling out the questionnaires and only continued to do so for the free cup of tea/coffee that was provided, this could possibly make my research results subjective as they could have been giving me the answers that they thought I wanted. While this led to the statistics that was needed for the research, I over looked what the homeless community actually needed, this was for someone to get to know them  and sit down casually and listen to what they had to say and what they need and want in the form of support, while applying that the homeless need accommodation they also have individual needs too. 6.0 Bibliography Amore, K et a, 2011, The ETHOS Definition and Classification of Homelessness: An Analysis, [Online], Volume 5.2, article 1, :19, Available: http://eohw.horus.be/files/freshstart/European%20Journal%20of%20Homelessness/Volume%20Five/Volume%205.2/article-1.pdf , Access date 03/04/12 Communities and local Government, Homelessness and rough sleeping, 2011, [Online], Available: http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/homelessness/ , [Accessed: 30/03/12] Firth, L. (2008), Drugs in the UK, volume 163, Cambridge, Great Briton, independence, MWL print group Ltd. Firth, L. (2010,:3), The Homeless Population, volume 189 Cambridge, Great Briton, independence MWL print group Ltd. Johnson KD et al, 2011, Substance Abuse Disorders among Homeless and Runaway Adolescent, [Online] Available: http://ht.ly/4KWan , [Accessed: 30/03/12] Published by the National Coalition for the Homeless, Substance Abuse and Homelessness, 2009, [Online], Available: http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/addiction.pdf , [Accessed:30/03/12] The Health of the Homeless, 2012, [Online], Available: http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2321/Health-Homeless-MENTAL-HEALTH-HOMELESS-PEOPLE.html , [Accessed: 30/03/12] Washuk B, 2012, Lewiston Auburn, More programs, new teaching methods, requested for Lewiston Middle School, [Online] 1page long, Available: http://m.sunjournal.com/news/city/2012/03/13/more-programs-new-teaching-methods-requested-lewis/1167599 , Access date 03/04/12 Age (please circle) 16 or under 21 -25 26-3030-4040+ Did you become homeless in Warrington? How long have you been homeless? What are the reasons for becoming homeless? (was the reason for becoming homeless alcohol/ drugs related?) Since becoming homeless have you used alcohol /drugs? How often do you use drugs/alcohol (please circle) Dailyweeklymonthlyoccasionallynever Do you want to be re-homed? What services do you know about in Warrington that assist people that are homeless? Do you know of any services in Warrington for alcohol/drug abuse? Do you want to access services for alcohol/drug abuse? Is there any other services/ organisation that you would like help to access for anything else? Do you think the Government do enough in Warrington to help prevent homelessness? What changes would you like to see for the homeless? Any other comments? Research proposal By Claire Smith Intended proposal This research proposal intends to discover whether drugs and or alcohol contribute to homelessness, is it homelessness that exacerbates the problem of drug and alcohol abuse? , Reason for intended proposal The reason behind this proposal is the high need for early intervention regarding drug and alcohol abuse. Currently not all professional’s advise or signpost when necessary regarding this current matter. Only 18months ago in the UK professionals began training in Alcohol Identification and Advice so that early intervention could be established to prevent medium risk individuals becoming high risk or alcohol dependants. The problem of homelessness is an important issue especially if the common cause is drug / alcohol abuse. If my research can establish whether drug/alcohol abuse is the causes leading to homelessness then professionals could aim to put in place strategies to solve substance abuse, and then latter will become less of an issue. So in tackling alcohol and substance misuse Briton could be facing a population with less homeless. Research methodology I am going to create a questionnaire which I am going to submit to the YMCA for the homeless to fill out. After doing some research about the YMCA and talking to staff members it seems the most effective way for the homeless to participate is to be their in person offering a free cup of tea coffee to willing participants. I am going to put my finding into a table and present them to NSH Warrington Health Improvement Project Public Health. The questionnaires that are being drafted will try to determine what homeless people what in the way of tools to empower them to help themselves out of their situation. The questionnaires will try to identify; what help is already assessable for the homeless or substance misusers, is it readily available, is it equally and easily accessible to everyone who need it? This research proposal is aiming to identify whether homeless people try to access services provided to help substance and alcohol abuse and if so was it successful, of if the services ar e well publicised and easily accessible for the homeless. The research also intends to find out if there are organisations that are not well publicised to professionals that would be able to sign post potential people at risk. Literature review The Homeless Population by Lisa Firth (2010, may). Reading about and around the subject of homelessness in The Homeless Population by Lisa Firth, it becomes very clear to me that homelessness is a complex subject and does in fact have many different elements to what may cause it. Lisa Firth goes into depth about the different types of homelessness and the different possible reasons without going ‘around the houses’ so to say. I was able to learn a lot in a short space of time such as; hidden homeless and reasons for becoming homeless. Within the contents of this book are the many frequently asked questions such as; ‘surely there’s no harm in giving a few pence to the homeless’ Firth (2012). These questions have both sides of the argument with facts and figures which for me personally answered everything that I wanted to know about the homeless community. The ETHOS Definition and Classification of Homelessness: An Analysis by Kate Amore, Michael Baker and Philippa Howden-Chapman (2011) Upon discovering this pdf about the homeless population, it seems that this pdf was made with the intention of discovering a global definition for homelessness. This pdf suggests that certain criteria for being homeless that is applied in one place that would determine an individual homeless, does not necessarily apply to everyone globally. The ETHOS definition of homeless tries to establish what constitutes homelessness. As it is there was a great amount of information in this particular pdf however it was not easy to follow and seemed to repeat itself. It was not clear or concise. Skimming this information seemed to be the best way to get to the point of the basis of the pdf. The Health of the Homeless (2012) The Health of the Homeless is a very clear easy to follow online document which has lots of statistics on and are homelessness. This piece of short writing starts from 1960s and comes up to current date although it wasn’t necessarily about the exact topic that the report was based on it was interesting to read. It also ties in with the point that homeless people have a voice too and they should be included in the care package provided for homeless. It was very well presented and to the point.

The Importance Of Maintaining Professional Appearance

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