Eternal Law and Human Law

Unceasing Law and Human Law As people live in this world, laws and guidelines are carefully upheld for the equity, security, and privileges of the people. Regardless of whether those laws are endless or transient, all laws require norms. Holy person Augustine’s On the Free Choice of the Will examines these guidelines and characterizes what every laws mean. In particular, Augustine contends that everlasting law is essential for worldly law to exist and for the country to work appropriately. I concur with Augustine’s contention on the need of both everlasting law and human law and the conviction of how fleeting law depends on interminable law.According to Augustine, endless law is a law that is simply, perpetual, and follows the best possible requesting and thinking. This endless law is additionally what the requesting of everything depends on. He likewise accepts that when one seeks after their life dependent on endless things, for example, truth, information, and love, at that point they are carrying on with an actual existence under unceasing law. Be that as it may, on the off chance that one chooses to carry on with an existence of want for fleeting things, for example, cash, assets, and physical appearances, at that point they are living under a worldly law where their bliss won't last long.This law, which is tradable with human law, makes a country all around requested, where the individuals are permitted to assign authorities with their own decisions and acquire numerous different rights. Everlasting and human laws proposed by Augustine are fundamental to society; however both basic, Augustine separates the two. Augustine clarifies that interminable law puts together its guidelines with respect to God and He is the leader of this law; this law is the law by which God manages all creation. It can likewise be portrayed as the â€Å"divine reason or the desire of God, a will which charges the characteristic order† (Fitzgerald and Cavadini , 583).On the other hand, transient law is liable to change in such occasions as the appointment of another president, or establishment of new laws. While unceasing law both controls human undertakings and administers interminable things, human law is exclusively constrained to the guideline of human issues. Unceasing law is permanent and irreversible; there are no authorities or a president to interminable law since God is the norm, and accordingly it is perpetual. Unceasing law is generally relevant where human law varies in the middle of countries and nations, even tates. Despite the fact that there are numerous contrasts between unceasing law and human law, Augustine expounds that interminable law is both fundamental and urgent for human law to exist. He accepts that what is viewed as just in human law is gotten from interminable law. At the end of the day, â€Å"eternal law is the proportion of the worldly law’s justice† (Dilman, 77). What is viewed as fleeting mi ght be reexamined as per the changing conditions of men and their social courses of action, yet at the same time stay just by the proportion of unceasing law.Human law exists on the grounds that interminable law is available to us right now at this time. Augustine presumes that unceasing law is simply; hence everything is requested in the furthest extent under this law. I concur with Augustine in that unceasing law includes human law. Perusing Augustine’s On Free Choice of the Will, I was persuaded that endless law is perpetual on the grounds that it is autonomous of the changing conditions of men, yet fleeting laws are continually changing as years pass by in light of the fact that we face new generations.Therefore, there must be where transient law can base on. Also, that limit is everlasting law. For lucidity, a case of human law and unceasing law can be analyzed. A notable law that everybody ought to follow is that of the lawful drinking age. In the United States, the leg itimate drinking age is 21, nonetheless, in different nations, for example, Mexico, the lawful drinking age is 18. Human law is distinctive between numerous nations and it is worldly on the grounds that individuals in United States are raising their voices to bring down the drinking age to 18.Therefore, the lawful drinking age law is liable to change as residents are continually raising this subject. Be that as it may, in endless law there is no drinking age yet it is advising the reasonable person to not to get dependent on drinking and to discover more beneficial wants other than the utilization of liquor. Under interminable law, drinking isn't what life is about; there are such a significant number of other critical assignments and encounters that people need to satisfy during their life times in this world.Eternal law says to adore endless things, not what is a transient bliss. With this model, I am contending that human law depends on unceasing law since human law builds up the legitimate drinking age so youthful ages can discover what their actual shrewdness is before being acquainted with common delights and end up lost without having understood the genuine motivation behind their reality. To keep worldly law is to cherish the animal and the creation more than the Creator.The want for fake and materialistic things will prompt discontent, both for the individual and the general public overall. In any case, on the off chance that all men adored just interminable things, at that point there would be no requirement for worldly law, which oversees our every day lives. Thusly, worldly law is important to limit the activities of those men who love fleeting things. Transient law isn't intended to rebuff men who do adore fleeting things, however is somewhat for the criminal activities that men perpetrate due to their over the top wants for these things.This all returns to the possibility that God made the universe and He is the man of unceasing law, and we have to cherish him more than some other things in this world. Incredible advantages and gifts will be remunerated to those men that truly look for shrewdness, love, certified temperances, and truth than to those men that live unjustly yearning just for riches, desire, physical excellence and numerous natural things. All in all, it is both essential that laws administer society and significant that laws request human decisions and relational relations.But it is progressively important that unceasing law oversees these laws of society since it is consistently present, extreme norm and endures no special cases. Accordingly endless law is fundamental for human laws to exist and control the ruined society to improve things. Works Cited Dilman, Ilham. â€Å"Free Will: A Historical and Philosophical Introduction. † Google Books. Routledge, n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. Fitzgerald, Allan D. , and John C. Cavadini. â€Å"Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia. † Google Books. Wm. B . Eerdmans Publishing Co. , n. d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013.

Crysts, Blasts and Clasts - Large Particles in Rocks

Crysts, Blasts and Clasts - Large Particles in Rocks Crysts, impacts and clasts are three straightforward words identified with an exceptionally fundamental idea in geography: huge particles in rocks. As a matter of fact, theyre bits of words-additions that merit thinking about. They can be a touch of confounding, yet a decent geologistâ can reveal to you the distinction between all three.â Crysts The - cryst addition alludes to grains of a crystalline mineral. A - cryst can be a full fledged precious stone like your commonplace garnet, or it very well may be a sporadic grain that, despite the fact that its particles are all in unbending request, has none of the level faces that mark a gem. The most significant - crysts are the ones that are a lot bigger than their neighbors; the general name for these is megacryst. As a functional issue, - cryst is utilized distinctly with molten rocks, albeit a precious stone in changeable rocks might be known as a metacryst. The most widely recognized - cryst youll find in the writing is the phenocryst. Phenocrysts sit in a groundmass of littler grains like raisins in cereal. Phenocrysts are the characterizing highlight of porphyritic surface; another approach to state it is that phenocrysts are what characterize a porphyry. Phenocrysts for the most part comprise of one of similar minerals found in the groundmass. (In the event that they were brought into the stone from somewhere else, they might be called xenocrysts.) If theyre perfect and strong inside, we may decipher them as being more established, having solidified sooner than the remainder of the molten stone. In any case, some phenocrysts framed by developing around and inundating different minerals (making a surface called poikilitic), so all things considered they werent the absolute first mineral to take shape. Phenocrysts that have full fledged gem faces are called euhedral (old papers may utilize the terms idiomorphic or automorphic). Phenocrysts with no gem faces are called anhedral (or xenomorphic), and in the middle of phenocrysts are called subhedral (or hypidiomorphic or ​hypautomorphic). Impacts The - impact postfix alludes to grains of transformative minerals; all the more unequivocally, - blastic implies a stone surface that mirrors the recrystallizing procedures of changeability. That is the reason we dont have a word megablast-both molten and transformative rocks are said to have megacrysts. The different - impacts are depicted uniquely in changeable rocks. Changeability produces mineral grains by pulverizing (clastic misshapening) and crushing (plastic twisting) just as recrystallization (blastic distortion), so its essential to make the differentiation. A changeable stone made of - impacts of uniform size is called homeoblastic, however on the off chance that megacrysts are additionally present it is called heteroblastic. The bigger ones are normally called porphyroblasts (despite the fact that porphyry is carefully a molten stone). So porphyroblasts are what might be compared to phenocrysts. Porphyroblasts might be loosened up and eradicated as changeability proceeds. Some enormous mineral grains may oppose for some time. These are normally called augen (the German for eyes), and augen gneiss is a very much perceived stone sort. Like - crysts, - impacts can show precious stone faces in various degrees, however they are portrayed with the words idioblastic, hypidioblastic and xenoblastic rather than euhedral or subhedral or anhedral. Grains acquired from a prior age of changeability are called paleoblasts; normally, neoblasts are their more youthful partner. Clasts The postfix - clast alludes to grains of silt, that is, bits of prior rocks or minerals. Not at all like - crysts and - impacts, the word clast can remain solitary. Clastic rocks, at that point, are consistently sedimentary (one special case: a clast that isn't yet cleared out in a changeable stone is known as a porphyroclast, which, confusingly, is additionally delegated a megacryst). Theres a profound qualification drawn among clastic shakes between holoclastic rocks, similar to shale and sandstone, and pyroclastic rocks that structure around volcanoes. Clastic rocks are made of particles running in size from tiny to inconclusively huge. The stones with obvious clasts are called macroclastic. Extra-huge clasts are called phenoclasts-so phenoclasts, phenocrysts and porphyroblasts are cousins. Two sedimentary rocks have phenoclasts: combination and breccia. The thing that matters is that the phenoclasts in combination (spheroclasts) are made by scraped spot while those in breccia (anguclasts) are made by crack. There is no maximum breaking point to what can be known as a ​clast, or megaclast. Breccias have the biggest megaclasts, up to several meters across and bigger. Megaclasts as large as mountains can be made by enormous avalanches (olistrostromes), push blaming (chaoses), subduction (mã ©langes) and supervolcano caldera development (caldera breakdown breccias). Megaclasts are the place sedimentology meets tectonics.

Office Communication Top Ten List Entry #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Office Communication Top Ten List Entry #1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We do our best to keep up with the volume of inquires and applications our office receives but the reality is that size of our staff and the number of inquiries/applications makes it hard to keep up. In an effort to make sure we are able to assist you as quickly as possible, I want to take the opportunity to provide some information on how you can most effectively communicate with our office and obtain information. Lists are pretty popular for communicating such information and this entry marks the beginning of a Top 10 list for you to consider when communicating with our office, searching for information, and applying.   I will post 10 entries over the next couple of weeks and then compile them into a single entry for future reference. In reviewing all of the entries please understand that I am not in any way trying to dissuade you from contacting our office, rather my hope is to provide information that will allow you to receive a response as soon as possible and avoid delays.   It is our pleasure to help and we look forward to hearing from you. Number 1 Use the same email address when communicating with our office and when applying. This might sound obvious, but in my experience it is common for people to have at least three email addresses:   their personal email address, their work email address, and their alumni email address. It is highly recommended that you pick one and use the same email address the entire time you communicate with our office and that this email match the email listed on your admission application.   This helps us to research your situation in the quickest and most comprehensive manner possible. The first thing I do when I start to research an applicants inquiry or question is to plop the email address into my search bar.   If all of the emails are from the same account the process is greatly simplified and I am able to provide information in the most accurate and timely fashion possible. Also, I cannot tell you how many times someone has emailed our office with a question and used a different address than the one on their application.   When looking someone up in our system   I do so by email address.   Thus if you email with a different address than the one you used when applying it takes much longer to pull up the appropriate application record. From personal experience I recommend against using your business email address. The primary reason is that if you are admitted to SIPA you are going to leave your employer and your email account will be terminated.   Using your personal email address will avoid complications that can arise when you might request an email address change.   While it is possible to change emails in our system, it does require us to do it on behalf of the applicant and we have several software systems so it can take time and possibly lead to missed communications. I do have two bonus tips.   First, please include your email address in the body of your email for example below your name (an email signature with your email included is highly recommended).   Sometimes emails get forwarded to other parties and only the body gets sent along.   If I just get the body and the header is left off, we have no email address to respond to and this leads to delays while we try to track down email contact information. From my experience this is a very common problem when people forward me emails from their Blackberry or mobile phone.   I cannot tell you the number of times a SIPA faculty or staff member has forwarded me a message and there is no visible email address.   So, just to make sure, I recommend setting up an email signature that includes your full email address. Second, make sure to check your junk mail box every now and then.   Every once in   while someone will send me a message and it will inexplicably end up in my junk email.   I recommended that you add our email address to your approved sender list and check your junk mail every once in while to ensure our messages are not being sent to where you will not be able to view them in a timely fashion.

The Iliad And The Odyssey - 1060 Words

Homer once said, â€Å"Hateful to me as the gates of Hades is that man who hides one thing in his heart and speaks another.† (The Iliad pg.405) The quote is relevant to the stories Homer created during the period of the Trojan War. Homer orally performed two of his best works The Iliad and The Odyssey. Homer’s stories are old and probably translated differently than their original telling. Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey still show the basic human emotions and are an inspiration to other authors, poets, and oral presenters. Homer was forgotten, but now Homer’s existence is almost legend. According to Cynthia Shelmerdine, August Wolf Friedrich, a German scholar, debated that more than one person wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey. Wolf believed that The Iliad and The Odyssey were written by more than one author.Friedrich said that there was no proof that the Greeks knew how to write when Homer was alive. Wolf also believed that the long poems such as The Iliad and The Odyssey could not have been written without knowledge of writing tablets or any other mechanism. The unitarians, people who opposed Friedrich’s theories and his critics, believed the works, The Iliad, and The Odyssey were composed of one genius or two poets. At the end of the argument, it was at a standstill, but the controversy is still up for debate. Today the argument is known as â€Å"The Homeric Question† (Shelmerdine 304). Homer s writings were brutal and too mature for the younger readers. [For example, WhenShow MoreRelatedThe Iliad and the Odyssey1510 Words   |  7 Pages The Iliad and the Odyssey are two classic stories told by Homer. Within these two stories the roles of the gods are very important to the story line and how they affect the characters throughout. In the Iliad, more gods are involved with the characters whereas in the Odyssey there are only two major gods that affect two major characters. The roles of the gods in the Iliad are through two different stances of immortal versus immortal and mortal versus immortal. The roles of the gods in the OdysseyRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1317 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout The Iliad and The Odyssey, both Achilles and Odysseus go through intense acts of heroism, internal and external hardships, and fluctuations in confidence. During the epic, The Odyssey, the main character, Odysseus, has to endure many hardships which show. He has to sho w tremendous amounts of heroism and confidence just to keep his crew and himself alive. He has to rival and face many gods that despise him along with many humans. This theme can also be reflected from Homer’s The Iliad, where theRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1297 Words   |  6 Pages2. The Iliad and the Odyssey were written by a poet or poets known as Homer. They were stories written about heroes in Mycenaeans times. Homer focused on one important event to base the stories after, the Trojan War. The story was about Paris Prince of Troy, taking Helen of Sparta from her husband. A war started to get Helen back to her husband because her husbands honor was hurt. The story told in the Odyssey is one of the king of Ithaca trying to return to his wife and son after being gone forRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey977 Words   |  4 Pagesplot or storyline, or the theme of the myth. Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey are two prime examples of this. Within both epics, th e gods constantly intervene in the lives and situations of the characters, molding them to the desired outcome. Without the influence of the gods in either of the epics, however, the ending might have been very different. There was a great deal more divine intervention in The Iliad in comparison to The Odyssey, however, as there were more godly characters in that textRead MoreThe Odyssey And The Iliad1060 Words   |  5 PagesHomer was one of the first great authors in Western culture. He was known for creating the two Greek epics The Odyssey and The Iliad, which. The Odyssey tells of the ten-year journey by Odysseus to Ithica from Troy to be reunited with his beloved wife. The Odyssey was written in a with illustrative language. The Iliad was written in a. It depicted the end of the Trojan War and the siege of Troy. This event occurred centuries before Homer was assumed to have been born. Although both epics were writtenRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1599 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Iliad and The Odyssey, Homer has different portrayals of the roles that women play in each epic. These d ifferences are so striking that some readers have even argued that there is a possibility that a woman could have created The Odyssey, modeled after Homer’s Iliad. In The Iliad we see women represented as war prizes and slaves, vulnerabilities to men, and in positions of limited power. In The Odyssey however, we see women capturing men and keeping them as prizes, rising from a status ofRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1657 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the Greek Dark Ages was Homer, who I believe was the most influential writer of his time, and a writer who had truly made an impact on the evolution of Greek Culture following the Dark Ages. Two of Homer’s most famous poems were the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were Ancient Greek epic poems which covered a couple of weeks during the Trojan War. Although there were plenty of influential authors inspired by the Trojan war, Homer was by far the most influential; Nevertheless, This paper arguesRead MoreIliad and Odyssey1825 Words   |  8 Pagesand cinema of a certain era. The epic poems, The Iliad and Odyssey, give scholars and historians an idea how the Ancient Greek lived their everyday lives. By reading the two novels, the reader is able to experience the three thousand years old society of Homer. The various similarities between our society and the societies depicted in the Iliad and the Odyssey are surprising profuse. To name a few: the superfluous violence in Iliad and Odyssey, the characterization of Odysseus, the obscureRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1730 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said â€Å"In youth and beauty, wisdom is but rare!† a very relatable quote to the story of the Iliad. But who exactly is Homer? For starters, Homer was a poet who lived from 800 B.C.E and died in 701 B.C.E. He was from Greece, and to be specific he had lived somewhere along the coast of Asia Minor according to biography.com. Also, he is most famous for his epic poems which were The Iliad and The Od yssey. Now as for whether he truly existed or not is still quite a mystery. Some scholars â€Å"believe himRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1498 Words   |  6 PagesAn Influential Poem The Iliad is a poem that provides important stories with insight into early human society. It was an ancient story written centuries ago about two civilizations that battled against each other. â€Å"The Iliad tells the story of the clash of two great civilizations, and the effects of war on both the winners and losers† (Homer 222). In addition to its influence on Greek poetry, the Iliad is a great Homeric epic that has long helped shape critical schools of thought. It is not

Comparative Analysis of the Theories and Methods Used in...

The following paper is a comparative analysis of the theories and methods used by the authors of â€Å"Inked into Crime? An Examination of the Casual Relationships between Tattoos and Life-Course-Offending among males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development† (Jennings, Hahn, Farrington 2014) and â€Å"Nonmainstream Body Modification: Genital Piercing, Branding, Burning, and Cutting† (Myers 1992). Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s article investigates the correlation between tattoos and deviant behavior. In addition, the researches ultimately want to discover if the relationship between tattoos and crime may in fact be casual, or are just another symptom of developmental risk factors and personality traits (Jennings, Hahn, Farrington 79).†¦show more content†¦Included in the study were males, females, homosexuals, heterosexuals, and bisexuals. Myers spent a vast amount of time exploring various workshops and tattoo/piercing studios observing, in terviewing, and lecturing individuals on his current study. An example of this is when Myers attended the Living in Leather Convention as he stated â€Å"I was able to expand my involvement by showing my body modification slides to several people, attending parties, and helping out at the host organization’s hospitality suite† (1992:176). Though both studies rely heavily on body modification, they differ in a couple of ways. While the first study was considered a longitudinal study, the second one was considered a quasi-experimental study. The first study was done in a period of 53 years while the second study was done in a period of 2 years. Another difference is that the first study relied on a different type of sampling than the second. The first one involved quota sampling because the researchers knew exactly who they wanted to choose for participants in their study. The second study involved both random and accidental sampling for data observation and collection. I believe that Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s (2014) study was less effective than Myer’s study. Though Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s study is the first longitudinal study to measure tattoo-crime link, there are a few limitations. Instead of using a quota sample of

Article On Online Casino Games - 1574 Words

Article 25 – Online casino game developers to watch in 2015 If you love playing online casino games, there are plenty of reasons to get excited about 2015. Current software developers are working round the clock to raise the bar in terms of fun and quality, but it isn’t just the names you recognize that is pushing the online casino industry forward. Brand new software developers are seemingly starting up monthly, and with these new companies come brand new casino games and game technology. While 2015 is in full-swing and we’ve seen plenty of great games so far, the rest of the year is gearing up to be just as good, with the following three game developers being the ones to watch. Xin Gaming When you speak about game developers with heritage, you need to speak about Xin Gaming. This developer works to offer up games covering a wide range of themes, but by utilising various Asian font based card symbols within their slot-based games it remains loyal to its roots. The big titles created by Xin Gaming are Chinese New Year and Fantasies. After creating a loyal domestic fan base, Xin Gaming has its eyes set on international expansion in 2015 and look set to try there hand at making slot games that cover various social platforms. It should also be noted that the company has recently announced a new agreement with bitcoin casino Coin Gaming, which should see them expose their game catalogue to a brand new section of online casino players. Spinomenal If you are a new firm in theShow MoreRelatedArticle Review On Video Poker1538 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 10 – How to rule the roost at video poker While there is no denying that there are some similarities between online video poker games and online slot games, you can’t play them the same way and be successful. Video poker takes more than just faith in the gambling gods in order to find success, you need to understand what’s in front of you in order to win. Putting it simply, video poker success is going to be determined by your actions in the game. Remember strategy Don’t be a video pokerRead MoreArticle 41 : The Ultimate Guide1735 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 41 – The ultimate guide to live casinos As the world changes so do the arenas of online gambling and the innovations that go along with them. Since first appearing on the World Wide Web back in the late 1990s, online casinos have entered a constant state of evolution. 3D gaming and HD gaming have become the norm, with casino adventure games being the latest innovation to take the online world by storm. With all this innovation coming out you would be remiss to think that traditional tableRead MoreIs Us Based Online Gambling Under Threat?1629 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 7 – Is US based online gambling under threat? For years, the online gambling industry has fought tooth and nail for the right to have a legal presence in the United States. This is because for all that the country presents in terms of freedom, they still maintain a strong stance against online gambling. It wouldn’t be until 2011 that certain states cleared online gambling, while 47 others still have it on a â€Å"TBC† list. The three states (Delaware, New Jersey, and of course Nevada) who haveRead MoreArticle Analysis : Bitcoin Online Gambling1538 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 28 – Bitcoin online casinos come under attack As far as innovations go, few have been as big or a technologically relevant as bitcoin. The cryptocurrency has taken the world by storm and is now a key element within the world of online casino gaming. The new innovation has undoubtedly improved how the online casino industry operates, providing players with more financial freedom from a gambling perspective. While that is the case it has been in for some controversy as of late, as variousRead MoreArticle 18 - Advanced Player Payment Options1629 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 18 – Advanced player payment options In the world of online casino gaming it is all about the money. How you bet it, how you win it, and most importantly how you manage it, money is simply what the online casino industry is all about. There is an old saying, if you look after the pennies the pounds will look after themselves, which really stands true when you choose to wager online. Understanding the importance of bankroll management, online casinos have recently raised the stakes when itRead MoreIs Amaya Gaming The Worlds First True Online Casino Entertainment Company?1553 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 10 – Is Amaya Gaming the world’s first true online casino entertainment company? It has a titanic sized user base, is an industry leader in ever sense of the world, and has user engagement levels that simply blow the competition away. Amaya Gaming have grown to such a level where they truly embody the term â€Å"entertainment† arguably more than they do the term â€Å"online casino†. Considering they now seem to have more association with B2C Internet firms than their online casino peers, have AmayaRead MoreAnalysis Of 19 - Playtech Brings Its Games1542 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 19 – Playtech brings its games and software to Norwegian shores They are one of the leading names in the world of online casino game development and regularly feature on casino portals throughout the world. Playtech has forged a reputation for quality in the online casino world and they are now bringing such reputation to the shores of Norway. After much deliberation, Playtech have claimed the rights to provide content to Norway’s state-owned gaming operator. Many within the industry considerRead MoreArticle 35 : The Top 6 Online Slot Games1584 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 35 – The Top 6 Online Slot Games of All-Time It is a subject that has been debated on casino portals around the world, so what are the greatest online slot games of all time? The following is a comprehensive countdown of what we feel are the greatest slot games ever created. No. 1 – The Dark Night Slots The film took the cinema world by storm and re-launched the Batman franchise, with its slot adaptation revolutionizing the world of online slots. Created by Microgaming, The Dark NightRead MoreOnline Gambling On North American Shores1554 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 4 – PlayOLG gets better with age It went down as one of the controversial rulings in Canadian history, when government proposals to approve online gambling in Ontario were passed. While not affecting the rest of the world directly, it would prove be a major step with regards to legalising online gambling on North American shores. The legislation still has it detractors, as some don’t like the idea of there being legal gambling available within the home, but the records show that people areRead MoreThe New And Improved All Slots Casino1617 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 1 – The New and Improved All Slots Casino Has Arrived When it was first established in 2002, All Slots Casino was quite literally the talk of the industry. The (then at the time) slots exclusive casino became one of the most popular names around. After years of success the online casino would peak in the mid-00s, but sadly it has been in a steady decline since, that is until now. With its eyes set firmly on the top prize, All Slots Casino has made some major improvements which could very

System Protection and Automation

Question: Discuss about the System Protection and Automation. Answer: Introduction: IEC61850 is a standard integral to the application of modern networking technology for the purpose of automation, control and protection of electric power substations. It is a systems architecture, a modelling approach and a protocol. Beyond automation, this protocol was developed to simplify communication between several types of utility systems, as well as save on the cost of applying hundreds of different proprietary communication and information systems. Devices from different manufacturers required proprietary communication systems specific to them which presented a huge challenge where systems were composed of devices from several different manufacturers. The basic concept of automation dictates that there exists little or no human intervention. For this reason, it is necessary that various protection and control systems or protocols be integrated into the system. Supervisory control and data acquisition, SCADA, interfaces are also a necessity in an automated power system. The objective of IEC 61850 is to provide for seamless information integration across the utility enterprise using off-the-shelf products implementing these international standards. As noted earlier, an automated system requires little or no human supervision, and since no system can be said to be perfect, errors are bound to occur. To correct such errors, human intervention is required. Some of the services provided by IEC61850 include event logging and reporting such that the system is capable of recording events as they occur and communicating the same to a manned node or human-machine interface. The feature is referred to as digital fault recording (DFR) and enables the user to quickly identify failure using built-in diagnostic tools. This is made possible by GSE, (generic substation events) a control model which provides a mechanism for data transfer within a network or peer to peer messaging. There are two different models of GSE namely GSSE (generic substation event) and GOOSE (Generic object oriented substation event). The difference between the two is that while the GOOSE message may include several data types such as analog, binary, and integers, the G SSE message is limited to support a fixed structure of binary event status data. The latter allows for multicast messaging meaning that the same message can be transmitted to several nodes at the same time using an Ethernet address known as a multicast address. In the occurrence that any data item known to the system is changed, a GOOSE message is said to be published and any device on the network can subscribe to the data and use it as needed. This publisher-subscriber communication concept is used in favor of client-server communication which is considerably more time consuming since it must use the full seven layer stack. The IEC61850 system architecture consists of what is known as a station bus. This component connects all the devices within the system and defines the mechanism that enables multicast communication, GOOSE. One GOOSE message can replace hundreds of wires that would normally be used to enable inter-device functionality. These features allow the system to convey me ssages to a human operator who can take the necessary corrective actions required in any given situation. In this way, IEC61850 facilitates error recovery as well as system protection. It is also worth noting that the standard provides time-stamped data thereby conveying time specific information to the human operator. Real time data is an invaluable asset especially in the case of automated systems. The reason being that the sooner data can be processed and transmitted, the sooner it can be acted on. Real time data means that data is made available to the recipient as soon as it is processed with little or no time delay. In a system such as that found in a substation whose coverage stretches over a vast scale, influencing hundreds of businesses as well as households, a small delay in resumption of normal service after an error may result in adverse effects. The IEC61850 supports real time data exchange leaving no room for delays on its part. It achieves this through MMS, (manufacturing message specification) which is a standardized protocol that supports requirements for various high performance services such as make or break connections between client and server, send an unsolicited read response to a client and get the definition of an object. IEC61850 also enables time synchronization across al l the devices within the network. Time synchronization is realized through the Simple Network and Time Protocol (SNTP) which is specific to the standard. Since all devices are time synchronized, the data is time accurate. However, data can never be truly presented in real time due to transmission delays which are unavoidable. Another service provided by IEC61850 is the process connection feature which allows information transfer between instrument transformers, protection equipment and circuit breakers. This transfer of information between devices is made possible by a core characteristic of the IEC61850 referred to as interoperability. Interoperability is the ability of a system to exchange information between intelligent electronic devices from different manufacturers. The standard is critical to process connection since this service requires timely information transfer. As discussed earlier, IEC61850 provides for real time transfer of data between systems as well as devices. The timeliness of the information has a direct impact on how long the protection function takes to react. The protection function must trigger as fast as possible to prevent further damage to the equipment in direct danger and by extension, replacement costs. IEC61850 also requires an Ethernet LAN connection between protective rela ys to enable communication. The high speed Ethernet connection is also able to exchange analog data between relays in the same message, so actual values of currents, voltages and power can be sent to other IEC61850 based IEDs. IEC61850 is also used during planning of a substation. Various tests must be carried out to ensure the compatibility of various devices to each other and more so to the IEC61850 standard. One such test is the system performance test. Its purpose is to check the performance classes as defined in the mandatory part, IEC 61850 for the device in a system (system conformance) independent from a project, the IEDs may be tested in a test system with reasonable data traffic in the background . Another test is the factory acceptance test which has to prove that the system, as far as assembled in the factory, fulfills the given specifications of the customer. For this test, all parts must be compatible with IEC61850 and all SCL files must be present for the purpose of configuration and implementation. Not all parts may be available during the test and as such they must be simulated to ensure accurate results. The purpose of the tests is to ensure that all parts will work properly and to the cu stomers specifications once the project is completed, and to avoid incurring any reworking costs. They also ensure that the system will continue to run seamlessly thereby continually providing protection for the individual devices and for the system as a whole. Time over-current is another protection feature integrated within IEC61850. This features purpose is to protect the system from excess current and interphase faults . The feature also replaces traditional fuses which cannot be fully depended upon in an automated system. This is because once a fuse melts, the system cannot resume normal functionality until the melted fuse is replaced which also means that remote operation is not possible. Although fuses are the primary source of protection for distributed energy resources, another fault lies in the fact that one cannot control the time to trip. This creates difficulties in primary back-up coordination activities . The back-up protection to the fuse is provided by overcurrent relays at a feeder point. Overcurrent relays must also play a dual role in that they provide both primary and back-up protection. In the event that a fault goes undetected by the first set of relays, and the relays fail to isolate the device, an additional set of relays is opened. The second set of relays must not be opened unless the first set has already been opened. This requires what known as a wait state which is enabled by another feature referred to as Time Multiplier Setting (TMS). By increasing or decreasing this setting, one can vary the trip time appropriately such that the second set of relays are subjected to a time delay to allow the first set to open first. SCADA interfaces are the only way through which data and information can be exchanged between the human component and the system. It is basically an input and output terminal which at its core is powered by IEC61850 in that the standard enables communication between the different devices including SCADA. A typical function of SCADA is the creation of alarm lists and event lists. SCADA enables automation and protection in a multitude of ways. First and foremost is that it receives data from the system in form of event logs and reports and conveys it to the human operator or protection engineer who acts on it accordingly. It is also the means through which the human operator manipulates data within the system when it is required. In this way, IEC61850 provides a link through which several operations are made possible. For this reason, it is also referred to as a human machine interface (HMI). Another service provided by IEC61850 is the read/write feature which means that the system can give and receive instructions. This means that the system can react to various situations that were foreseen before or during system planning. The client can send commands to the server to modify its behavior by performing changes in internal data, change of parameter sets, analog set-points, enabling or disabling functions and so on. The system consists of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) which facilitate the read/write feature also known as device control. IEDs implement control, but only after receiving instructions from a master computer. IEDs are also referred to as slave components. Device control means that the system can effectively trigger an action or stop one if required. This feature negates the need for human intervention when it comes to some common errors in the functionality of the system. This is, in itself, automation. A suitable example is the predefined quality flag s which may force the system to report or take corrective action if possible where the quality of the power produced is below the required limit, perhaps in terms of stability. IEC61850 provides object mapping and no manual mapping of equipment is needed. All devices can be viewed through a SCADA interface and all of them share a similar naming convention. Through a feature called self-description, devices and their details such as the model as opposed to data points are automatically generated for the user on the SCADA interface. Self-description also allows a device to tell its master what particular data it is going to report and enables the master to configure itself for a particular device. Object names can be retrieved from the IEC61850 automatically to effectively and efficiently report errors or events. Automatic object mapping shows the location of devices in relation to one another. This way, the user can identify devices with high precision in the event that some device requires repairing or replacement thus avoiding reworking and/or losses as a result of errors in the equipment ordered. Device configurations can also be implemented using SCL (su bstation configuration language) files. Devices from other suppliers use such files to document the messages. However, such devices require firmware changes to modify message configuration. Substation Configuration Language is a standardized method of describing substation power systems and device configuration. Substation Configuration Language is beneficial in that there is little conflict between equipment, devices and applications where one is changed for one reason or another. The user is only required to move a few files around such as SCL files and firmware files to configure new equipment. Configuration of an automated substation system, a task that would otherwise require a substantial amount of human labor, is automated and therefore saves greatly on time and money. IEC61850 communications based protection and control systems can also be used to implement a lockout function. Traditional lockout relays typically serve to trip and isolate or keep out of service a given zone, especially during repair or inspection. The protection zone could be any single component within the system, for example a transformer, a bus, transmission line or a collection of equipment. This function protects both the personnel on site as well as the equipment undergoing repairs from suffering even further damage. Integrating a lockout feature with the IEC61850 communication protocol is a step into the future of protection and control systems. However, some core features required of a traditional lockout scheme must be present in any new lockout design. They are briefly described below. Zone based lockout; this means that each protective zone that implements lockout must have its own lockout state. It must not be combined with other zones. Local and remote indication; a means must be provided for operators to be able to determine the particular lockout in effect so as to determine the cause and remedy for each lockout. Close inhibit; a breaker cannot be closed so long as any lockout is still in effect regardless of any lockouts applied to it that may have been reset. Loss of protection system power; even if the protection and control system is de-energized, and then later re-energized, all the lockouts that were in effect remain in effect. Single procedure reset; resetting a particular lockout only involves one procedure. All the equipment within the protective zone associated with a particular lockout is reset as a group when the lockout itself is reset. Although the IEC61850 standard was initially developed for communication purposes within the substation, it can just as well be re-purposed to incorporate and automate traditional protection systems using GOOSE messages. GOOSE messages not only replace hard wires within the system, but can also monitor the health of virtual wires. The control model performs such checks to ensure that all protection protocols and devices are in good working condition if and when they are called upon to protect the system. GOOSE messages can do this because they are constantly re-transmitting in between certain intervals which the user can define. In the event that a message is received later than it was expected, the subscribing IED sends out a GOOSE alarm message notifying SCADA of the error. The IED then modifies its internal logic to address the error. This re-transmission feature also ensures that each message is delivered in the event that the first transmission is dropped or corrupted. Corrupted transmissions can be attributed to a high volume of Ethernet traffic or interference caused when control and power cables share a cabling tray with the Ethernet cable. The narrower the time window defined, the better. Reason being the channel may still fail in between transmissions where the probability of that occurrence is directly proportional to the time window set. Integration is the ability of computer based applications to interact with other systems in order to perform a useful function for the user. Integration is specific to the IEC 61850 standard. With this in mind, experts have realized a new frontier in substation communication. IEC 61850 is expanding outside the substation through communication between substations and control centers. IEC61850 communication, modelling and system engineering between stations are dependent on Ethernet communications. An Ethernet connection between stations can be established in a number of ways. One such way is through a direct wideband LAN interface. This involves the use of a LAN network possessing considerably high data transfer capabilities. That is, a large bandwidth in order to facilitate the timeliness of data. This option is disadvantageous in that it can only be applied over physically proximal networks. Another method, one that is perhaps better in terms of the scale that can be covered, is a t unnel that filters and directly passes packets over a Wide Area Network (WAN). WAN is a network spread over a large geographical area. WAN is composed of several LANs between which it transfers data. This is the only way it can facilitate data exchange between substations spread over hundreds and even thousands of miles. Integration, in conjunction with Ethernet enables the creation of a larger singular system which aids in coordination of protection and control services over a larger scale. A larger system controlling smaller systems under its umbrella also enables enhanced service delivery. In addition, with substations able to communicate between themselves, a higher level of automation is achieved. Another application of IEC61850 lies in the start/stop feature. This feature is not standard to the IEC61850, but it can be integrated. As the name suggests, this feature can start or stop operations within a substation if or when the system deems it necessary. Through this level of automation facilitated by IEC61850, the system provides protection for itself in the event of an error. In conclusion, IEC61850 avails several benefits in the way of cost reduction time saving and protection of power systems. It is the basis for all communication that occurs within a substation and is therefore critical to the protection and automation of the systems within a substation. The value of IEC61850 lies in the testing it allows and the standard that it provides with regard to communication between different components and devices within the system. Testing individual IEDs and their interoperability is critical to the success of any IEC61850 project. IEC61850 also considers future developments which is an important factor for any technological platform. It can thus be said to be future proof in that it follows the progress in mainstream communication technology. Through standardization of a communication protocol, IEC61850 saved several utilities from having to implement several different communication systems and also paved the way for other standards such as wind power and hydro-electric power. With such advancements it is clear that the same technology can be used as a basis to develop standards for other forms of distributed energy resources in the near future. References Y. Gao, "IEC61850-Based Analysis of Coal Mine Ground Transformer Substation Integrated Automation Communication System",AMR, vol. 619, pp. 199-202, 2012. S. Yin, "Research on the Application of IBE in IEC61850 Substation Automation System",AMM, vol. 130-134, pp. 2805-2808, 2011. H. Kirrmann, "Introduction to the IEC 61850 electrical utility communication standard", 2012. I. MESMAEKER, "How to use IEC 61850 in protection and automation", 2016. A. Ehsani Fard, "Using IEC 61850 Protocol in Automation Systems of High Voltage",Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 28, 2016. L. Rocca, P. Pinceti and M. Magro, "Can we use IEC 61850 for safety related functions?"Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, 2016.